Treatment Of Hip Fracture

Treatment of hip fracture is often a combination of three approaches, such as:

Surgery

Rehabilitation

Drugs

Surgery

Surgery is almost always the best treatment of hip fractures. Doctors typically use nonsurgical alternatives, such as traction, only if you have a serious illness that makes surgery too risky.

The type of surgery you have generally depends on the part of the hip that fractured, the severity of the fracture and your age. Generally, the better your health and mobility before your hip fracture, the better your chances for full recovery from a hip fracture.

Fractures of the femoral neck

Doctors such repair a fracture in three ways:

Metal screws. If, after the break, the bone is still properly aligned, your doctor may put metal screws in the bone to hold together while the fracture heals. This is called internal fixation. Metal screws are often placed in combination with bone nails (Gamma nail) for stability.

Replacement of part of the femur. If the ends of the broken bone is not aligned properly, or they were damaged, the doctor may remove the head and neck of the femur and replace them with a metal prosthesis. This is known as hemiarthroplasty.

Total hip replacement. This procedure involves the replacement of your femur and taking your pelvic bone with a prosthesis. Total hip replacement may be a good option if arthritis or a previous injury has damaged your joint, affecting its function before the break.

Although advanced age increases the likelihood of hip replacement needs, the most important factors in determining the need for this procedure are:

The type of fracture you have

The severity of your signs and symptoms

Personal risk of surgery-related problems

Freedom of movement and ability to work independently before the fracture

Intertrochanteric fractures

To repair this type of fracture, the doctor inserts a metal screw generally (compression screw of the hip) through the fracture. The screw is attached to a plate that runs along the femur. This plate is attached with screws others to help maintain the stability of the bone. As the bone heals, the screw compresses the bone fragments, so the edges grow together.

Depending on the type of fracture, your doctor may put a nail bone (Gamma nail) into the pit of bones, and then pass compression screw through the nail. The nail prevents slippage and provides additional stability and support the weight can enable faster.

Rehabilitation

If you have a normal recovery from surgery, the following steps are likely to follow this schedule:

Within about 1 day after surgery. Your support team will assist you in motion, often using a walker. You will begin physical therapy, typically focus on range of motion and strengthening exercises.

In about a week after surgery. Hospital stays after hip fracture surgery usually lasts less than a week. Depending on the type of surgery you had and if you have a home help, you may have to go to the hospital to a care facility long term.

Within a month after surgery. In long-term care and home care, you can work with an occupational therapist to learn the techniques for independence in everyday life, such as toileting, bathing, dressing and cooking. Your therapist will determine if a walker or wheelchair can help you regain mobility and independence.

Further, you can continue to respond with a physiotherapist and an occupational therapist, while recovering from surgery.

Medication

Although surgery is the primary treatment of hip fracture, a group of drugs called bisphosphonates bone density can reduce the risk of a second hip fracture. Most of these drugs are taken orally and side effects associated with it can be difficult to tolerate, such as nausea, abdominal pain, and inflammation of the esophagus. Alternatively, a bisphosphonate, zoledronic acid (Reclast), may be given an annual infusion.

Treatment Of Pneumonia

The best approach to treating pneumonia depends on a number of factors, including age and general health, the agency or agencies involved, and the establishment - the attention of the community or health - where the infection developed. Treatment may include:

Drugs

The antibiotics used to treat bacterial pneumonia. Other drugs can help improve breathing and relieve the symptoms of bacterial and viral pneumonia. Drug options include:

Antibiotics. The decision to treat pneumonia with antibiotics is not always easy. Even with a high probability of bacterial infection, it takes time to identify the bacteria in question and choose the best antibiotic to destroy it. Initially, the doctor may prescribe an antibiotic based on particular patterns of infection and antibiotic use in your area. If tests show you need a medicine or your condition does not improve, you can switch to another antibiotic.

Antiviral drugs. The doctor may recommend anti-viral drugs for viral pneumonia. Antibiotics are not effective in the treatment of viral pneumonia.

Fever reducers. To treat a fever with aspirin, ibuprofen, naproxen or acetaminophen. (Children should not take aspirin.)

Cough. Talk to your doctor before taking cough medicines. Coughing helps to loosen phlegm and get rid of extra. If your doctor advises against cough, enough to soothe coughs and the rest.

Hospital

Community-acquired pneumonia usually does not require hospital care. You may have to admit, however, if you have two of these indicators of severity. If you have three or more, you may need admission to an intensive care unit:

He has over 65

You can become confused

His breathing is rapid

Blood pressure drops

The airway needs, including oxygen therapy or respiratory

Treatment Of Periodontitis

There are several ways to treat periodontitis, depending on its severity. The goal of treatment of periodontal pockets is completely clean of bacteria and prevent further damage. The treatment can be performed periodontist, a dentist or dental hygienist. Treatment is most effective when someone takes the daily routine of good oral hygiene.

Non-surgical treatments

If your periodontal disease is advanced, treatment may include less invasive procedures, including:

Scale. Scaling removes tartar and bacteria on the surfaces of your teeth and under the gums. Can be performed using instruments or an ultrasonic device.

Root planing. Root planing smooths the root surfaces, discouraging further accumulation of tartar.

Antibiotics. Antibiotics in the treatment of periodontitis is still open to debate. Your periodontist or dentist may recommend the use of topical or oral antibiotics to help control bacterial infection. Topical antibiotics are usually the treatment of choice. They may contain an antibiotic mouthwashes or gels with the addition of discussions and antibiotics in the space between the teeth and gums or pocket after deep cleaning. However, oral antibiotics may be necessary to completely remove the infection-causing bacteria.

Surgical treatments

If you have advanced periodontitis, gums does not respond to nonsurgical treatment and good oral hygiene. In this case, your periodontal treatment requires surgery tooth, such as:

Flap surgery (pocket reduction surgery). In this procedure, the periodontist will make small incisions in the gums, so that the gum tissue can be traced back, exposing the roots to improve scaling and polishing. Because periodontitis often causes bone loss, the underlying bone can be recontoured before the gum tissue is sewn back into place. The procedure usually takes 1-3 hours and performed under local anesthesia.

Soft tissue grafts. When you lose the gum periodontal disease, your gums back, which makes your teeth longer than normal. You can have the damaged tissue is replaced. This is usually done by removing a small amount of tissue from the roof of your mouth (palate) or another donor source and attach it to this site. This procedure can help reduce gum recession others, cover exposed roots and give your teeth a more cosmetically appealing.

Bone graft. This procedure is performed when the periodontal disease has destroyed the bone surrounding the tooth root. Graft can be made up of tiny fragments of bone marrow or your own can be synthetic or donated. Bone graft to prevent the loss of teeth and hold the tooth in its place. It also serves as a platform for the regrowth of natural bone. Bone grafting can be performed during a technique called guided tissue regeneration.

Guided tissue regeneration. This allows the regeneration of bone, which was destroyed by bacteria. In one method, the dentist places a special piece of biocompatible fabric between existing bone and tooth. The material prevents unwanted tissue from entering the area of ​​healing, the bone instead of pushing.

Enamel matrix derivative application. Another technique is to apply a special gel to the tooth root. This gel contains the same proteins found in developing enamel of the teeth and stimulates the growth of bones and tissues.

Treatment Of Pancreatic Cancer

Treatment of pancreatic cancer depends on the stage and location of the cancer and your age, overall health and personal preferences. The first goal of treatment of pancreatic cancer is to remove the cancer, when possible. When this is not an option, the focus may be to prevent pancreatic cancer from growing or causing more damage. When pancreatic cancer is advanced and treatments are not likely to offer an advantage, your doctor may suggest ways to relieve symptoms and make you as comfortable as possible.

Surgery

Surgery may be an option if the cancer of the pancreas is limited to the pancreas. Operational use by people with pancreatic cancer are:

Surgery of tumors of the head of the pancreas. If pancreatic cancer is located in the pancreatic head, we can consider the operation known as a Whipple procedure (pancreatoduodenectomy). Whipple procedure involves removing the head of the pancreas, as well as a part of your small intestine (duodenum), part of your gallbladder and bile duct. Part of the stomach can also be removed. The surgeon connects the other parts of the stomach, pancreas and intestines, so you can digest food.

Whipple surgery carries a risk of infection and bleeding. After surgery, some people experience nausea and vomiting that may occur if the stomach is empty difficulty (gastric emptying). Expect a long convalescence after a Whipple operation. You will spend 10 or more days in the hospital and then recover for several weeks at home.

Surgery of tumors of the pancreatic tail and body. Surgery to remove the tail of the pancreas or the tail and a small part of the body is called distal pancreatectomy. Your surgeon may also remove the spleen. Surgery carries a risk of bleeding and infection.

Research shows that surgery for pancreatic cancer tends to cause fewer complications when performed by experienced surgeons. Feel free to ask about the surgeon's experience with surgery for pancreatic cancer. If you have any doubt, seek a second opinion.

Radiotherapy

Radiotherapy with high energy beams to destroy cancer cells. You can get radiation treatments before or after surgery for cancer, often in combination with chemotherapy. Or, your doctor may recommend a combination of radiotherapy and chemotherapy, when the cancer can be treated surgically.

The radiation may come from a machine outside the body (external radiation) or it can be placed inside your body near your cancer (brachytherapy). Radiation therapy can also be used during surgery (intraoperative radiation therapy).

Chemotherapy

Chemotherapy uses drugs to kill cancer cells. Chemotherapy can be injected into a vein or by mouth. You can receive a chemotherapy drug, or you could get a combination of chemotherapy drugs.

Chemotherapy can also be combined with radiation (chemoradiation). Chemoradiotherapy is generally used to treat cancer has spread beyond the pancreas, but only to nearby organs and not to remote areas of the body. This combination can also be used after surgery to reduce the risk of pancreatic cancer may recur.

People with advanced pancreatic cancer, chemotherapy may be combined with targeted drugs.

Targeted therapy

Targeted therapy uses drugs that attack specific abnormalities within cancer cells. Targeted drug erlotinib (Tarceva), blocks chemicals that signal the cancer cells grow and divide. Tarceva is usually in combination with chemotherapy for people with advanced pancreatic cancer.

Other targeted therapies to drugs are under investigation in clinical trials.

Clinical trials

Clinical trials are studies to test new forms of treatment such as new drugs, new approaches to surgery or radiotherapy, and new methods such as gene therapy. If the study treatment is found to be safer or more effective than current treatments are, it can become the new standard of care.

Clinical trials can not guarantee a cure and can have serious side effects or unexpected. In addition, clinical trials on cancer, closely monitored by the federal government to ensure they are conducted as safely as possible. And they provide access to treatments that would not otherwise be available to you.

Talk to your doctor about clinical trials may be appropriate for you.

New treatments currently under investigation in clinical trials include:

Drugs that stop cancer from developing new blood vessels. Targeted therapies against drugs that act by preventing the cancer from growing new blood vessels is called angiogenesis inhibitors. Without new blood vessels, cancer cells may be unable to obtain the nutrients they need to grow. Blood vessels also provide a way cancer cells spread to other body parts.

Vaccine for pancreatic cancer. Cancer vaccines are being studied to treat cancer instead of preventing disease, vaccines are traditionally used. The treatment of cancer vaccines use various strategies to strengthen the immune system to help recognize cancer cells as intruders. In one example, a vaccine may help prepare the immune system to attack a certain protein secreted by pancreatic cancer cells. Studies of pancreatic cancer vaccine are still in very early stage.

Trement Of Cervical Cancer

Cervical cancer treatment depends on several factors such as stage of cancer, the health problems you may have and their preferences regarding treatment. Treatment options may include:

Surgery. Surgery to remove the uterus (hysterectomy) is usually treated with early stages of cervical cancer. A simple hysterectomy involves the removal of cancer of the cervix and uterus. A simple hysterectomy is usually an option only when the cancer is at a very early stage - the attack is less than 3 millimeters (mm) of the cervix. Radical hysterectomy - removal of the cervix, vagina and lymph nodes in the region - is the standard surgical treatment, when the attack is more than 3 mm into the cervix.

Hysterectomy can cure early stage cervical cancer and prevent cancer from returning, but the removal of the uterus, it is impossible to become pregnant.

Radiation protection. Radiation therapy uses high-powered energy to kill cancer cells. Radiation therapy can be administered externally via external or internal radiation therapy (brachytherapy) by placing the device filled with radioactive material near your cervix. Radiotherapy is as effective as surgery for cervical cancer at an early stage. For women with more advanced cervical cancer, radiation therapy combined with chemotherapy is considered the most effective treatment.

Both methods of radiotherapy can be combined. Radiotherapy may be used alone, with chemotherapy before surgery to shrink a tumor or after surgery to kill remaining cancer cells. Premenopausal women may stop menstruating due to radiation and begins menopause.

Chemotherapy. Chemotherapy uses drugs to kill cancer cells. Chemotherapy drugs, which can be used alone or in combination, usually into a vein and travels throughout the body to kill rapidly growing cells, including cancer cells. Low-dose chemotherapy, often in combination with radiation therapy, chemotherapy may increase due to radiation. High doses of chemotherapy are used to control advanced cancer of the cervix, which may be curable. Some chemotherapy drugs can cause infertility and early menopause in premenopausal women.

Treatment Of Cataracts

The only effective treatment for cataracts is surgery.

When considering cataract surgery

Talk to your doctor about the eye surgery is right for you. Most ophthalmologists suggest considering cataract surgery when your cataracts begin to affect their quality of life or interfere with their ability to perform normal daily activities such as reading or driving at night.

It is up to you and your doctor decide when cataract surgery is right for you. Most of the people, there is no hurry to remove the cataract, because they usually do not damage the eye. Delaying the procedure does not make it more likely than not restore the view when you finally decide to have cataract surgery. Take time to consider the benefits and risks of cataract surgery with your doctor.

If you do not want to perform cataract surgeries are now, your doctor may recommend regular eye exams follow-up to see if the progress of cataract. How often do you see your ophthalmologist will depend on the situation.

What happens to the cataract surgery

Cataract surgery involves removing the clouded lens and replace it with a plastic lens implant. The lens replacement in the same place as the natural lens and becomes part of your eye.

For some people, other eye problems to ban replacement lens. In these situations, when the cataract is removed, vision can be corrected with glasses or contact lenses.

Surgery is usually done in one eye at a time, with several weeks between surgeries. It is usually performed on an outpatient basis, which means you will not have to stay in a hospital after surgery. During cataract surgery, your ophthalmologist uses a local anesthetic to numb the area around the eye, but you remain awake during the procedure. Cataract surgery is generally safe, but carries a risk of infection and bleeding. Cataract surgery increases the risk of retinal detachment.

Treatment Of Acute Myeloid Leukemia

Treatment of acute myeloid leukemia depends on several factors, including the subtype of the disease, your age, overall health, and preferences. In general, the treatment is divided into two phases:

Remission induction therapy. The purpose of the first phase of treatment is to kill leukemia cells in the blood and bone marrow. However, the induction of remission is usually not destroy all leukemic cells, if you need other treatments to prevent the disease from returning.

Consolidation treatment. Also called post-remission, maintenance therapy or intensification, this phase of treatment is to destroy the leukemia cells remaining. It is considered essential to reduce the risk of relapse.

Therapies used in these phases include:

Chemotherapy. Chemotherapy is a form of remission induction therapy, but it can also be used as supportive treatment. Chemotherapy is a chemical to kill cancer cells in the body. People with SMA usually hospitalized during chemotherapy because the drugs are destroying many of the normal blood cells in the killing of leukemic cells. If the first cycle of chemotherapy has not resulted in remission, may be repeated.

Other drugs. Arsenic trioxide (TRISENOX) and all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA) are anti-cancer drugs, which can be used alone or in combination with chemotherapy, remission induction is a subtype of leukemia called acute myeloid leukemia specific promyelocytic. These drugs induce the leukemic cells with a gene mutation to mature and die, or stop dividing.

Stem Cell Transplantation. Transplantation of stem cells, also called bone marrow transplant can be used for consolidation therapy. Stem cell transplantation can restore healthy stem cells by replacing the bone marrow with healthy stem cell leukemia-free bone marrow regenerate healthy. Before a stem cell transplant, receiving very high doses of chemotherapy or radiation to destroy the bone marrow from leukemia. After receiving the infusion of stem cells from a donor (allograft). You can also receive their own stem cells (autologous) if you have been in remission and healthy stem cells removed and stored for transplantation in the future.

Clinical trials. Some people with leukemia choose to enroll in clinical trials to test experimental treatments or new combinations of known therapies.

Treatment Of Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm

Here are some general guidelines for the treatment of abdominal aortic aneurysms:

A small aneurysm. If you have a small abdominal aortic aneurysms - a total of 1.6 inches or 4 centimeters (cm) in diameter or smaller - and you do not have symptoms, your doctor may suggest watch-and-wait (observation) approach, rather than intervention surgery. In general, surgery is required a small aneurysms because the risk of surgery outweighs the risk of rupture.

If you choose this method, the doctor will monitor your aneurysm with periodic ultrasounds, usually every six to 12 months and encourage you to report immediately if you start having abdominal pain or back pain - potential signs of dissection or rest.

Aneurysm average. The average aneurysm measures between 1.6 and 2.2 inches (4 and 5.6 cm). It is less clear how the risks of surgery against the event stack waiting, medium-sized abdominal aortic aneurysm. You need to discuss the benefits and risks of surgery compared with waiting, and make a decision with your doctor.

Large, fast growing or leaking aneurysm. If you have an aneurysm, which is large (more than 2.2 inches or 5.6 cm) or fast growing (more than 0.5 cm over six months), you will probably need surgery. In addition, losses, or aneurysm race requires a painful treatment. There are two types of surgery for abdominal aortic aneurysm.

Open abdominal surgery to repair an abdominal aortic aneurysm involves removing the damaged portion of the aorta and replace it with a synthetic tube (graft) is sewn in place with an open lap. With this type of operation, it is likely you will need several months to fully recover.

Endovascular surgery is a less invasive procedure is sometimes used to repair an aneurysm. Doctors attach a synthetic graft at the end of a thin tube (catheter) is inserted through an artery in the leg and threaded into the aorta. The graft - a tube of fabric, covered with wire mesh support - is placed at the site of the aneurysm and fastened in place with small hooks or nails. The graft reinforces the weakened section of the aorta to prevent rupture of the aneurysm.

The recovery time for people who have endovascular surgery is shorter than for people who have opened abdominal surgery - about one to two weeks compared to six weeks for open surgery.

The possibilities for treating your aneurysm will depend on several factors, including the location of the aneurysm, your age, kidney function and other factors that may increase your risk of surgery or endovascular treatment.

Treatment Of Kidney Cancer

Together, you and your treatment team will discuss your treatment options for kidney cancer. The best approach for you may depend on a number of factors, including general health status, type of kidney cancer that has, if the cancer has spread and treatment preferences.

Surgery

Surgery is the initial treatment for most cancers of the kidney. The surgical procedures used to treat kidney cancer include:

The removal of the affected kidney (nephrectomy). Radical nephrectomy involves removing the kidney, a border of healthy tissue and adjacent lymph nodes. The adrenal glands can also be removed if it turns out that the tumor has grown in the gland. Nephrectomy may be an open surgery, which means that the surgeon makes an incision to access your kidneys. Or nephrectomy can be done laparoscopically through several small incisions to insert a small video camera and surgical instruments. The surgeon watches a video monitor to perform a nephrectomy.

Removal of the tumor in the kidney (nephron-sparing surgery). During this procedure, called partial nephrectomy, the surgeon removes the tumor and a small margin of healthy tissue around it, rather than removing the entire kidney. Nephron-sparing surgery may be an open, or it can be done laparoscopically. Nephron-sparing surgery may be an option if you have a small kidney cancer, or if you have only one kidney. When nephron-sparing surgery is possible, it is best to keep it as radical nephrectomy kidney tissue as possible can reduce your risk of complications later as kidney disease.

The type of surgery your doctor recommends will be based on your cancer and its stage and your health. Surgery carries a risk of bleeding and infection.

Treatment when surgery is not possible

For some people, surgery may be too risky. These people have other options to treat kidney cancer, including:

By blocking the flow of blood to the tumor (embolization). In this procedure, a special material is injected into the main blood vessel leading to the kidneys. Block this ship will take the tumor of oxygen and other nutrients. Arterial embolization can also be used before surgery or to relieve pain and bleeding is not possible.

Treatment for freezing the cancer cells (cryosurgery). During cryoablation, a special needle is inserted into the skin and into your kidney tumor with X-ray guidance. Gas needle is used to cool or freeze the cancerous cells. There are few long-term data on safety and efficacy of cryoablation. This is typically reserved for people who can not undergo major surgery and people with small kidney tumors in areas that can be easily reached with a needle.

Treating cancer cells to heat (radiofrequency ablation). During radiofrequency ablation is a special needle through the skin and into your kidney tumors using X-ray guidance. An electric current passes through the needle and in cancer cells, causing the cells to heat or burning. There are few long-term data on safety and efficacy of radiofrequency ablation. Radiofrequency ablation may be an option for people who can not undergo further surgery, and those with small kidney tumors in areas easily accessible with a needle.

The treatments for advanced kidney cancer and recurrent

Kidney cancer that is repeated and the kidney cancer that spread to other parts of the body can heal. In these situations, treatment may include:

Surgery to remove a kidney tumor as possible. Even if surgery can not remove all the cancer, in some cases it may be useful to remove the cancer as possible.

Drugs that use your immune system to fight cancer (biologic therapy). Biological therapy (immunotherapy) uses the body's immune system to fight cancer. Drugs in this category include interferon and interleukin-2, which are synthetic versions of chemicals produced in your body. Side effects of these drugs include chills, fever, nausea, vomiting and loss of appetite.

The treatment is performed on specific aspects of your cancer (targeted therapy). Targeted therapies specific block abnormal signals present in the cells of kidney cancer, allowing them to multiply. These drugs have shown promising results in the treatment of kidney cancer that has spread to other areas of the body. The targeted drugs bevacizumab (Avastin), pazopanib (Votrient), the signals sorafenib (Nexavar) and sunitinib block (Sutent), which play a role in the growth of blood vessels that feed cancer cells and allow cancer cells to spread. Temsirolimus (Torisel) and everolimus (everolimus) is targeted drug that blocks a signal that allows cancer cells to grow and survive. Targeted therapy drugs can cause side effects such as rash, which may be severe, diarrhea and fatigue.

Chemotherapy. Chemotherapy is a drug treatment that uses chemicals to kill cancer cells. Chemotherapy is not commonly used to treat renal cell carcinoma. However, chemotherapy can be used to treat transitional cell carcinoma - a cancer of the urethra, which sometimes begins in the kidneys. Chemotherapy can be used before surgery to shrink the tumor, making it easier to remove. Or you may use chemotherapy to treat cancer cells that have traveled to other parts of the body.

Treatments for distant tumors. The kidney cancer cells that travel to other parts of the body (metastasis) can sometimes be treated. It depends on the number of the location of tumors at a distance and your overall health. Treatment options vary depending on where the cancer has spread. Options might include surgery of brain metastases or radiation therapy for kidney cancer that has spread to the bones.

Clinical studies. Clinical trials are studies of new treatments and new techniques to treat kidney cancer and other diseases. Participation in a clinical trial can give you the opportunity to try the latest treatments, but does not guarantee a cure. Available to discuss clinical trials with your doctor and carefully weigh the benefits and risks. Some types of kidney cancer in clinical trials studying new and existing therapies aimed to determine the best ways to use this new class of drugs.

Treatment Of Bladder Cancer

Treatment options for bladder cancer depends on many factors, such as the type and stage of cancer, general health status and treatment preferences. Discuss the options with your doctor to determine which treatments are best for you.

Surgical procedures

Type of surgery that can be based on factors such as stage, the risk of bladder cancer, general health, and selection.

Surgery for bladder cancer early

If the tumor is very small and has not invaded the bladder wall, the doctor may recommend:

Surgery to remove the tumor. Transurethral resection of bladder tumor (TURBT) is often used to remove bladder cancers that are confined to the inner layers of the bladder. During TURBT, to your doctor for a small loop around the urethra and bladder. Loop is used to burn the cancer cells with an electric current (fulguration). In some cases, a high-energy laser is used instead of electricity. TURBT can cause painful urination or bloody for a few days after the procedure.

Surgery to remove the tumor and a small portion of the bladder. When segmental cystectomy, sometimes called a partial cystectomy, the surgeon removes only part of the bladder that contains cancer cells. Cystectomy segmentation may be an option if the cancer is just one area of ​​the bladder, which can be easily removed without damaging the bladder function.

Surgery carries a risk of bleeding and infection. You may experience increased frequency of urination after partial cystectomy, since the surgery reduces the size of your bladder. Over time, the better, but in some people, it is permanent.

Surgery for invasive bladder cancer

If the cancer has invaded deeper layers of the bladder wall, you might consider:

Surgery to remove the entire bladder. Radical cystectomy is a surgery to remove the entire bladder and surrounding lymph nodes. Radical cystectomy in men usually includes the removal of the prostate and seminal vesicles. In women, radical cystectomy involves removal of the uterus, ovaries, and part of the vagina.

Cystectomy carries a risk of infection and bleeding. In men, removal of the prostate and seminal vesicles cause infertility. But in most cases, your surgeon may attempt to spare the nerves that are needed for an erection. In women, the elimination of causes of ovarian infertility and premature menopause in women who have not experienced menopause before the operation.

Surgery to create a new way of urine leaves your body. Immediately after radical cystectomy, the surgeon will work to create a new way to expel urine. Several alternatives exist. Which option is best for you depends on cancer, health, and selection. The surgeon may create a tube (urine canal) using a piece of intestine. The pipe passes through the kidneys outside the body, in which the urine flows into a bag (urostomy pouch), you put your stomach.

In the second procedure, the surgeon may use a portion of intestine to create a small reservoir for urine inside the body (skin, urinary continent diversion). To download the hole of the tank in the stomach, urinary catheter, with a couple of times a day.

In this case select the surgeon can create a repository of the bladder, like a piece of your bowel (neobladder). This deposit is located within the body and joins the urethra, allowing you to urinate normally. You may need to use a catheter to drain all the urine from your bladder.

Biological therapy (immunotherapy)

Biological therapy, immunotherapy, is sometimes referred to as signaling the body's immune system cells to help fight cancer. Biological treatment for bladder cancer is typically administered through the urethra and directly into the bladder (intravesical therapy).

Biological therapy drugs used to treat bladder cancer include:

Bacteria to stimulate immunity. Bacille Calmette-Guerin (BCG) is a bacterium used in vaccines against tuberculosis. BCG can cause bladder irritation and blood in your urine. Some people feel like they have the flu after treatment with BCG.

A synthetic version of an immune system protein. Interferon is a protein that makes your immune system to help your body fight infections. A synthetic version of interferon called interferon alpha can be used to treat bladder cancer. Alpha interferon is sometimes used in combination with BCG. Alpha interferon can cause flu-like symptoms.

Biological treatment may be given after TURBT to reduce the risk that cancer will recur.

Chemotherapy

Chemotherapy uses drugs to kill cancer cells. Chemotherapy for bladder cancer usually involves two or more chemotherapy drugs used in combination. Medications may be given through a vein in your arm (intravenously) or may be administered directly into the bladder through a tube into the urethra (intravesical).

Chemotherapy can kill cancer cells remaining after surgery. It can also be used before surgery. In this case, chemotherapy may shrink the tumor enough to allow the surgeon a less invasive way. Chemotherapy is sometimes combined with radiotherapy.

Radiotherapy

Radiation therapy is used a lot of energy bars in cancer is to destroy cancer cells. Radiation therapy may be a machine outside the body (external radiation) or may be a device within the bladder (brachytherapy).

Radiotherapy can be used before surgery to shrink a tumor so that it can easily be removed. Radiation therapy can also be used after surgery to kill cancer cells that may be. Radiation therapy is sometimes associated with chemotherapy.

Treatment Of Stomach Cancer

Treatment options for stomach cancer depends on the stage of cancer, your general health and your choice.

Surgery

The goal of surgery is to remove all stomach cancers and a margin of healthy tissue, if possible. Options include:

The removal of early-stage tumors in the abdominal cavity. Only a very small tumors in the stomach lining can be removed using endoscopy a procedure called endoscopic mucosal resection. An endoscope is a lighted tube with a camera that is passed down the throat to your stomach. The doctor will use special tools to remove the tumor and a margin of healthy tissue from the abdominal cavity.

Removal of part of the stomach (partial gastrectomy). During subtotal gastrectomy, the surgeon removes only the part of the stomach is affected by cancer.

The removal of the entire stomach (total gastrektomia). Total gastrektomia involves removing whole stomach and part of the surrounding tissue. Esophagus is then connected directly to the small intestine in order to move food through the digestive system.

Removal of lymph nodes for cancer. The surgeon examined and removed lymph nodes in the abdomen to check for cancer cells.

Surgery to relieve the signs and symptoms. Remove the abdomen can relieve the signs and symptoms of a tumor that develops in people with advanced cancer of the stomach. In this case, surgery can not cure stomach cancer, but it can make you more comfortable.

Surgery carries a risk of bleeding and infection. If all or part of your stomach is removed, you may experience problems with digestion.

Radiotherapy

Radiation therapy uses beams of high power consumption, such as X-rays to kill cancer cells. The energy rays come from a machine that moves around you as you lie on a table.

Radiotherapy can be used before surgery (neoadjuvant radiotherapy) to shrink the tumor in the abdomen, it is easier to remove. Radiation therapy can also be used after surgery (adjuvant) radiation to kill any cancer cells that might remain around the stomach. The radiation is often combined with chemotherapy. Cases of advanced cancer, radiation therapy can alleviate the side effects caused by large tumors.

Radiation therapy to the abdomen can cause diarrhea, indigestion, nausea and vomiting.

Chemotherapy

Chemotherapy is a medical treatment that uses chemicals to kill cancer cells. Chemotherapy drugs travel throughout the body, killing cancer cells that have spread beyond the stomach.

Chemotherapy may be given before surgery (neoadjuvant chemotherapy) to help shrink a tumor so that it can easily be removed. Chemotherapy is also used after surgery (adjuvant chemotherapy) to kill cancer cells that may remain in the body. Chemotherapy is often associated with radiotherapy. Chemotherapy may be used only in people with advanced cancer of the stomach to help relieve the signs and symptoms.

Chemotherapy may be the only treatment used for people with rare forms of stomach cancer, such as gastric lymphoma and gastrointestinal stromal tumors.

Chemotherapy side effects depend on the drugs are used. Type of cancer of the stomach is necessary to determine which chemotherapy drugs you receive.

Targeted drugs

Targeted therapy uses drugs that attack specific abnormalities within cancer cells. Targeted drugs used to treat a rare cancer called gastrointestinal stromal tumor stomach. Targeted drugs used to treat this cancer are imatinib (Gleevec) and sunitinib (Sutent).

Clinical trials

Clinical trials are studies of new treatments and new ways of using existing treatments. Participating in a clinical trial can give you the opportunity to try the latest treatments. However, clinical trials can not be guaranteed a cure. In some cases, researchers may have some side effects of new treatment.

Ask your doctor if you may qualify for a clinical trial. Together you can discuss the benefits and risks.

Treatment Of Erectile Dysfunction In Men

The first thing your doctor will do is make sure you get the right treatment for health problems that may cause or worsen your erectile dysfunction.

A variety of options for the treatment of erectile dysfunction. Cause and severity of his condition, and health problems, are important factors for the physician recommends the best treatment or treatments for you. The doctor can explain the risks and benefits of each treatment, and considering the selection. The preferences of your partner may also contribute to treatment options.

Oral medications

Oral medications are an effective treatment for erectile dysfunction in men. These include:

Sildenafil (Viagra)

Tadalafil (Cialis)

Vardenafil (Levitra)

All three drugs work in much the same way. These drugs increase nitric oxide in the body produces a natural chemical that relaxes smooth muscles in the penis. This increases blood flow, and you can get an erection with sexual stimulation. These drugs change the dose, time of work and their side effects. The doctor will take into account the specific situation in which drug works best.

Do not expect these drugs to correct erectile dysfunction immediately. You may have to work with your doctor to find the right medication and dosage for you.

Before the prescription erectile dysfunction drugs (including over-the-counter supplements or herbal remedies), get the doctor's OK. Although these medications can help many people, not all individuals should take for the treatment of erectile dysfunction. These drugs do not work or it can be dangerous if you have:

Taking medications for angina nitrate such as nitroglycerin (Nitro-Bid, others), isosorbide mononitrate (Imdur) and isosorbide dinitrate (Isordil)

Take a blood thinner (anticoagulant) drugs, alpha blockers for prostate (benign prostatic hyperplasia) or high blood pressure medicine

You have heart disease or heart failure

He had a stroke

They have very low blood pressure (hypotension) or high blood pressure (hypertension)

Have uncontrolled diabetes

Other drugs

Other drugs for erectile dysfunction include:

Alprostadil itself. In this method, using a thin needle to inject alprostadil (alprostadil, Caverject Impulse, Edex) or the substrate side of the penis. In some cases, medication is usually used other terms used in penile injections alone or in combination. For example, papaverine, phentolamine and alprostadil. Each injection usually produces an erection in five 20 minutes that lasts about an hour. Because the needle used for very fine, the pain at the injection site is usually minor. Symptoms may include bleeding at the injection site, prolonged erections, and the formation of connective tissue at the injection site.

Alprostadil penile suppository. Intraurethral alprostadil (MUSE) therapy involves placing a tiny alprostadil suppository into the penis. You can use a special applicator supposed to add about two inches down the penis. Symptoms may include pain, minor bleeding in the urethra, dizziness, and the formation of connective tissue within the penis.

Testosterone. Some men suffer from erectile dysfunction caused by low levels of testosterone, the hormone and may need replacement therapy testosterone.

Penis pumps, surgery and prosthetics

The drugs do not necessarily work or be a good choice. If this happens, your doctor may recommend a different treatment. Other treatments include:

Penis pumps. A penis pumps (vacuum constriction device) is a hollow tube with a pump operated by hand or battery. The tube is placed on your penis and then pump used to draw air inside the tube. This creates a vacuum that draws blood into the penis. When you get an erection, you slip a tension ring around the base of your penis to keep blood and keep it tight. You can then remove the vacuum apparatus. The erection typically lasts long enough for a couple to have sex. You remove the tension ring after intercourse.

Penile implants. This treatment involves surgically placing the units in both sides of the penis. These implants are either rods or rigid inflatable silicone or polyurethane. The inflatable devices allows you to control when and how much time you have an erection. Stems semi-rigid to maintain the firm but malleable penis. This treatment can be costly and is generally not recommended until other methods have been tried first. As with any surgery, there is a risk of complications such as infection.

Vascular surgery. In rare cases, leaking blood vessels can cause erectile dysfunction, and surgery is necessary to correct.

Counselling

If your erectile dysfunction is caused by stress, anxiety or depression, your doctor may suggest, or you and your partner, you can visit a psychologist or counselor. Although it is caused by something physical, erectile dysfunction can create stress and tension of relations.

Treatment Of Prostate Cancer

Your prostate cancer treatment options depend on several factors, such as the rate of cancer spread, how widespread is, your general health as well as the benefits and potential side effects of treatment.

Immediate treatment may not be necessary

For men diagnosed with early prostate cancer, treatment may not be needed immediately. Some men do not need treatment. Instead, doctors may recommend watchful waiting, sometimes called active surveillance. In watchful waiting, blood tests, rectal exams and possibly biopsies may be performed to monitor the progress of your cancer.

If tests show the cancer progresses, it may choose to treat prostate cancer, such as surgery or radiotherapy. Watchful waiting may be an option for cancer is not causing symptoms, is expected to grow very slowly and is limited to a small area of ​​the prostate. Watchful waiting may be considered for a man who has another serious medical condition or advanced age that allows cancer treatment more difficult. Watchful waiting is a risk that the cancer can develop and disseminate the tests, making it more difficult to treat.

Radiotherapy

Radiation therapy uses high-powered energy to kill cancer cells. Radiotherapy for prostate cancer can be delivered in two ways:

Radiation from outside the body (external radiation). During external beam radiation, you lie on a table while a machine moves around your body, manage powerful energy beams such as X-rays, your prostate cancer. You generally undergo external radiation treatments five days a week for several weeks.

Located in the body of radiation (brachytherapy). Brachytherapy involves placing radioactive seeds, rice, many of the companies in your prostate. The radioactive seeds deliver low doses of radiation for a long time. Medical implants of radioactive seeds into the prostate with a needle guided by ultrasound images. To plant the seeds at the end to stop giving away radiation and should not be removed.

Side effects of radiotherapy can include painful urination, frequent urination and urgency of urination, and rectal symptoms such as loose stools, or pain during bowel movement. Erectile dysfunction can also occur.

The hormone

Hormone therapy is a treatment to prevent your body produces the male hormone testosterone. The prostate cancer cells dependent on testosterone to help them grow. The cut of hormones can cause the cancer cells grow more slowly. The hormonal therapy options include:

Drugs that block the body to produce testosterone. Drugs known as luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LH-RH) agonists prevent the testes to make testosterone to receive messages. The drugs typically used in the treatment of such leuprolide (Lupron, Eligard,), goserelin (Zoladex), triptorelin (Trelstar), Histrelin (VANTAS) and degarelix (FIRMAGON).

The drugs that prevent testosterone from reaching cancer cells. Drugs called anti-androgens prevent the testosterone from reaching cancer cells. Examples include bicalutamide (Casodex), flutamide and nilutamide (Nilandron). These drugs are usually administered in combination with LH-RH agonist or LH-RH given before the agonist.

Surgery to remove the testicles (orchiectomy). Removal of your testicles reduces testosterone levels in the body. The effectiveness of orchiectomy to reduce testosterone levels are the same as hormone replacement drugs, orchiectomy but may lower testosterone levels more quickly.

Hormone therapy is used in men with advanced prostate cancer to reduce cancer and slow tumor growth. In men with prostate cancer at an early stage, hormone therapy can be used to shrink tumors prior to radiation therapy. This can make it more likely that radiation therapy is a success. Hormone therapy is sometimes used after surgery or radiotherapy to reduce the growth of any cancer cells left behind.

Side effects of hormone therapy can include erectile dysfunction, hot flashes, loss of muscle and bone mass, decreased sex drive, and weight gain. Hormone therapy increases the risk of heart disease and heart attack. Doctors believe that prolonged use of hormone therapy and low levels of hormones that lead can cause cardiovascular problems.

Surgery to remove the prostate

Surgery for prostate cancer involves removing the prostate (radical prostatectomy), and some surrounding tissue and some lymph nodes. Methods of radical prostatectomy procedure can be performed include:

Make an incision in the abdomen. During retropubic surgery, the prostate is removed through an incision in the lower abdomen. Compared to other types of prostate surgery, prostate surgery retropubic implies a lower risk of nerve damage, which can lead to problems with bladder control and erection.

Make a cut between the anus and the scrotum. Perineal surgery involves making an incision between your anus and the scrotum to access your prostate. The perineal approach to surgery may allow faster recovery, but this technique removes nearby lymph nodes and avoid nerve damage difficult.

Laparoscopic prostatectomy. During prostate laparoscopically, several small incisions are made in the abdomen. The doctor adds a special surgical instruments through the incisions, as a long narrow tube with a small camera on the end (laparoscope). Laparoscope sends images to monitor the operating room. The surgeon watches to follow, as he controls the instruments. Laparoscopic surgery may offer a shorter hospitalization and a quicker recovery than traditional surgery.

Using a robot to help with surgery. In laparoscopic surgery, robotic instruments are connected to a mechanical device (a robot). The surgeon sits on the console and use the controls to guide robotic devices to move. Use the robot during laparoscopic surgery may allow surgeons to make precise movements of surgical instruments than is possible with traditional laparoscopic surgery. Talk to your doctor about which type of surgery is best for your particular situation.

Prostate assumes the risk of urinary incontinence and erectile dysfunction. Ask your doctor to explain the risks they may encounter on the situation, the procedure chosen, your age, body type and overall health.

The freezing of prostate tissue

Cryosurgery or cryoablation involves freezing the tissue to kill cancer cells. Cryosurgery for prostate cancer, small needles are inserted into the prostate from ultrasound images as a guide. A very cold gas is placed in the hands, causing the tissue around freezing. A second gas is placed in the hands to warm the tissue. Cycles of freezing and thawing to kill cancer cells and surrounding healthy tissue. Original attempts to use cryosurgery for prostate cancer has led to unacceptable side effects. Doctors hope that new technologies will cryosurgery.

Prostate tissue with ultrasound heating

Ultrasound therapy in high-intensity focused powerful uses sound waves to heat the prostate tissue which causes cancer cells to die. High intensity focused ultrasound is done by inserting a small probe into the rectum. The probe focused ultrasound energy at specific points of your prostate. High intensity focused ultrasound treatment are studied in clinical trials. Further study is needed to understand the benefits and risks of this treatment.

Chemotherapy

Chemotherapy uses drugs to kill rapidly growing cells, including cancer cells. Chemotherapy can be administered through a vein in the arm, in pill form or both. Chemotherapy may be a treatment option for men with prostate cancer that has spread to distant areas of the body. Chemotherapy can also be an option for tumors that are unresponsive to hormonal therapy. The doctors will examine whether chemotherapy is useful when combined with radiotherapy or surgery.

Treatment Of Liver Cancer

Treatments for primary liver cancer depends on the extent (stage) of disease, as well as your general health and personal preferences.

The goal of any treatment is to remove the tumor completely. When this is not possible, the focus would be to prevent the cancer to grow and spread. In some cases, the only comfort is the appropriate treatment. In this situation, the goal of treatment is to eliminate or slow the disease but relieves the symptoms, making you as comfortable as possible.

Treatment options for liver cancer may include:

Surgery to remove part of the liver. Your doctor may recommend surgery to remove the surface of liver cancer and a small portion of healthy tissue surrounding the tumor is small and if liver function is good.

Liver transplant surgery. During surgery, liver transplant, your diseased liver is removed and replaced with a healthy liver from a donor. The liver transplant surgery may be an option for some people with liver cancer early stage.

The freezing of the tumor cells. Cryoablation uses extreme cold to destroy cancer cells. During the procedure, the doctor places an instrument (cryoprobe) containing liquid nitrogen directly to liver tumors. Ultrasound images are used to guide the cryoprobe and monitor the freezing of the cells.

Heating cancer cells. In a procedure called radiofrequency ablation, the electrical current is used to heat and destroy cancer cells. Using ultrasound or CT guidance, the surgeon inserts a thin needle or more small incisions in the stomach. When the needles reach the tumor, are heated by electricity, destroying cancer cells.

The alcohol injection into the tumor. During the injection of alcohol is pure alcohol is injected directly into tumors, or through the skin or during an operation. Alcohol causes tumor cells to die.

Injection of chemotherapy drugs in the liver. Chemoembolization is a type of chemotherapy treatment that supplies strong anti-cancer drugs directly to the liver. During the procedure, chemotherapy drugs injected into the hepatic artery - the artery from which liver cancers derive their blood supply - and then the artery is blocked. This reduces the blood supply to cancer cells and deliver chemotherapy drugs to cancer cells.

Radiotherapy. This treatment uses energy beams of high power to destroy cancer cells and shrink tumors. During radiation treatment, you lie on a table and a machine directs the energy beam at a specific point on your body. Radiation therapy for liver cancer can involve a technique called stereotactic radiosurgery, which also focuses many beams of radiation at some point in the body. Side effects of radiation can include fatigue, nausea and vomiting.

Targeted drug therapy. Sorafenib (Nexavar) is targeted drugs designed to interfere with the tumor's ability to produce new blood vessels. Sorafenib has been shown to slow or stop the progression of advanced hepatocellular carcinoma in a few months longer than those without treatment. Further studies are needed to understand how this and other targeted therapies may be used for control of advanced cancer of the liver.

Treatment Of Colorectal Cancer

Type of treatment your doctor recommends depends largely on the stage of your cancer. The three main treatment options: surgery, chemotherapy and radiation.

Surgery for colon cancer in early stage

If the tumor is small, localized to the polyp, and in a very early stage, the doctor may be able to completely remove during colonoscopy. If the pathologist finds cancer, the polyp does not involve the base - where the polyp is attached to the bowel wall - then there's a good chance that the cancer is completely eliminated.

Some larger polyps can be removed using laparoscopic surgery. In this procedure, your surgeon performs the operation through several small incisions in the abdominal wall, instruments mounted on the insertion of a camera that shows your colon on a video screen. The surgeon may also take samples of lymph nodes in the area where the cancer is localized.

Invasive surgery for colon cancer

If colon cancer has grown or colon, the surgeon may recommend a partial colectomy to remove part of the colon containing the tumor and a margin of normal tissue on either side of cancer. Nearby lymph nodes are usually removed and tested for cancer.

The surgeon is often able to welcome once again to parts of the colon or rectum. But when you can not, for example, if the tumor is the output of your rectum, you may need temporary or permanent stoma. This requires the creation of the hole in the belly of the remaining bowel to eliminate waste body a special bag. Sometimes the colostomy is only temporary, while allowing the colon or rectum to heal after surgery. In some cases, however, the colostomy may be permanent.

Surgery for advanced cancer

If the cancer is advanced or poor general health, your surgeon may recommend surgery to relieve a bowel obstruction or other conditions to improve their symptoms. This surgery is not done to cure cancer, but rather to relieve the signs and symptoms such as bleeding and pain.

In special cases, when the cancer has spread to the liver and only if the overall state of health is still good, your doctor may recommend surgery to remove cancerous lesion in the liver. Chemotherapy may be used before or after this surgery. This treatment may improve prognosis.

Chemotherapy

Chemotherapy uses drugs to destroy cancer cells. Chemotherapy can destroy cancer cells after surgery, to control tumor growth or to relieve the symptoms of colon cancer. Your doctor may recommend chemotherapy if the cancer has spread beyond the colon wall, or if the cancer has spread to lymph nodes. People with colorectal cancer, chemotherapy is usually used in combination with radiation therapy.

Radiotherapy

Radiation therapy uses high-energy sources available, such as X-rays to kill cancer cells that might remain after surgery to shrink tumors before an operation so large that it can be removed more easily, or relieve symptoms colon and rectum.

Radiotherapy is rarely used in colon cancer at an early stage, but is a routine part of cancer treatment, especially if the cancer has penetrated through the rectal wall or traveled to nearby lymph nodes. Radiation therapy, usually associated with chemotherapy, can be used after surgery to reduce the risk that the cancer may recur in the region of the rectum, where it began.

Targeted Drug Therapy

Drugs that target specific defects that allow cancer cells to proliferate is accessible to people with advanced colon cancer, including bevacizumab (Avastin), cetuximab (Erbitux) and panitumumab (Vectibix). Targeted drugs can be administered with chemotherapy or alone. Targeted drugs are usually reserved for people with advanced colon cancer.

Some people are helped with targeted drugs, while others do not. Researchers are trying to determine which are most likely to benefit from targeted drugs. Until then, doctors carefully evaluate the benefit of drugs targeted against the small risk of side effects and high costs when you decide to use these treatments.

Treatment Of Peripheral Artery Disease

The treatment of peripheral arterial disease has two main objectives. The first is to control symptoms such as pain in the legs, so you can resume physical activities. The second is to stop the progression of atherosclerosis through its body to reduce the risk of heart attack and stroke.

You may be able to achieve these goals with lifestyle changes. If you smoke, quitting is the most important thing you can do to reduce your risk of complications.

If lifestyle changes are not enough, you have the need for additional medical treatment. Your doctor may prescribe medication to prevent blood clots, blood pressure and cholesterol, and controlling pain and other symptoms.

Drugs

Cholesterol. You can take a cholesterol-lowering drug called a statin to reduce your risk of heart attack and stroke. For people who have peripheral arterial disease is to reduce low-density lipoprotein (LDL) "bad" cholesterol below 100 milligrams per deciliter (mg / dl), or 2.6 millimoles per liter (mmol / L). The goal is even lower if you have other major risk factors for heart attack and stroke, especially diabetes or continued smoking.

High blood pressure medications. If you also have high blood pressure, your doctor may prescribe medication to lower it. The goal of this therapy is to reduce systolic blood pressure (the top number in two digits) 140 millimeters of mercury (mm Hg) or diastolic blood pressure lower and you (the bottom number) of 90 mm Hg. If you have diabetes, high blood pressure goal of less than 130/80 mmHg.

Drugs in the blood sugar level. If you also have diabetes, it is even more important than blood sugar (glucose). Talk to your doctor what your blood sugar goals are and what steps to take to achieve these objectives.

Drugs to prevent blood clotting. Because peripheral arterial disease is associated with reduced blood flow to the extremities, it is important to reduce the risk of blood clots. Blood clot can completely block blood vessels already narrowed and cause tissue death. Your doctor may prescribe a daily aspirin therapy or other drugs that help prevent blood clotting, such as clopidogrel (Plavix).

Symptom relief drugs. The drug cilostazol (Pletal) increases blood flow to the legs by preventing blood clots and by widening the blood vessels. It specifically contributes to the symptom of claudication, leg pain, for people who have peripheral arterial disease. Common side effects of this medicine include headache and diarrhea. An alternative to cilostazol is pentoxifylline (Trental), but is generally less effective. But the side effects are rare with this medicine.

Angioplasty and surgery

In some cases, angioplasty or surgery may be needed to deal with peripheral arterial disease, which causes intermittent claudication:

Angioplasty. In this procedure, a small hollow tube (catheter) threaded through a vein in the affected artery. There is a small balloon at the tip of the catheter is inflated to reopen the artery and block flat in the artery wall, while at the same time stretching the artery open to increase blood flow . The doctor may also insert a mesh frame called a stent into the artery to help keep it open. The same procedure doctors use to open the arteries of the heart.

Bypass surgery. Your doctor may create a bypass with a vessel from another part of the body or blood vessels in synthetic fabric. This technique allows blood to flow around - or bypass - blocked or narrowed artery.

Thrombolytic therapy. If you have a blood clot prevents the artery, the doctor may inject clot-dissolving drug to the site of arterial clot to break it.

Supervised exercise program

In addition to medications or surgery, your doctor may prescribe supervised exercise program to increase the distance you can walk without pain. Regular exercise improves the symptoms of PAD, a number of methods, how to help your body to use oxygen more efficiently.

Treatment Of Coronary Artery Disease

Treatment of coronary artery disease usually involves lifestyle changes and appropriate medications and some medical procedures.

Changes in lifestyle

Make a commitment to change a healthy lifestyle can go a long way toward promoting healthy arteries:

Stop smoking.

Eat healthy foods.

Exercise regularly.

Lose excess weight.

Reduce stress.

Drugs

Several medications can be used to treat coronary artery disease, including:

Cholesterol-modifying drug. By reducing the amount of cholesterol in the blood, especially low-density lipoprotein (LDL or "bad") cholesterol levels, these drugs reduce the base material of the coronary arteries of deposits. Increase your high-density lipoprotein (HDL or "good" cholesterol), may also help. Your doctor may choose a variety of medications, including statins, niacin, fibrates and bile acid sequestrants.

Aspirin. Your doctor may recommend taking a daily aspirin or other anticoagulants. This can reduce the tendency for clotting of your blood, which can help prevent the blockage of coronary arteries. If you have had a heart attack, aspirin can help prevent future attacks. There are some cases where aspirin is not appropriate, as if you have a bleeding disorder you are already taking another blood thinner, so ask your doctor before taking aspirin.

Beta-blockers. These drugs slow the heart rate and reduces blood pressure, which reduces the oxygen of the heart. If you had a heart attack, beta-blockers reduce future attacks.

Nitroglycerin. Nitroglycerin tablets, sprays and patches can control pain in the chest through the opening of the coronary arteries and reduce the demand for blood for the heart.

Converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors and receptor antagonists blockers (ARBs). These similar agents reduce blood pressure and may help prevent progression of coronary artery disease. If you have had a heart attack, the ACE inhibitors reduce the risk of future attacks.

Calcium channel blockers. These drugs relax the muscles surrounding the coronary arteries and cause blood vessels to open, which increases blood flow to the heart. They also control high blood pressure.

Procedures to restore and improve blood circulation

Sometimes more aggressive treatment is needed. Here are some options:

Angioplasty and stenting (percutaneous coronary revascularization). In this procedure. The doctor inserts a long thin tube (catheter) into the narrowed artery, a wire with a deflated balloon is passed through the catheter to the narrowed area. The balloon is then inflated, compressing the deposits against the walls of your arteries. A stent is often left in the artery to keep the artery open. Some stents slowly release medication to help keep the artery open.

Coronary artery bypass surgery. A surgeon creates a graft to bypass blocked coronary arteries using a vessel from another part of your body. This allows blood to flow around the blocked or narrowed coronary artery. Because this requires open heart surgery, it is usually reserved for cases of multiple narrowed coronary arteries.

Treatment Of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)

There is no cure for COPD, and can not repair the damage to the lungs. But treatments can control symptoms of COPD, to reduce their risk of complications and exacerbations and improve their ability to lead an active life.

Stop smoking

The most crucial step in any strategy for the treatment of smokers with COPD is to quit all. It's the only way to keep COPD from getting worse - which over time can lead to losing your ability to breathe. But quitting is never easy. And this task may seem daunting especially if you tried to quit smoking. Talk to your doctor about alternatives to nicotine and drugs can help.

Medicine

Doctors use several basic groups of medications to treat the symptoms and complications of COPD. You can take any medications on a regular basis and others as needed:

Bronchodilators. These medications - which usually comes in an inhaler - relax the muscles around your Airways. This can help relieve cough and shortness of breath and make breathing easier. Depending on the severity of your illness, you can use a short-acting bronchodilator previous activities, a bronchodilator long-acting that you use every day, or both.

Inhaled. Inhaled corticosteroids may reduce inflammation of the airways and helps you breathe better. But the long-term use of these drugs can weaken bones and increase the risk of hypertension, cataracts and diabetes. They are usually reserved for people with moderate to severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.

Antibiotics. Respiratory infections - such as bronchitis, pneumonia and acute influenza - can worsen the symptoms of COPD. Antibiotics can help fight bacterial infections, but is recommended only when necessary.

Therapy

Oxygen therapy. If you do not have enough oxygen in the blood may need supplemental oxygen. There are a number of devices for the supply of oxygen to the lungs, such as lightweight, portable units that can take you on errands and around town. Some people with COPD to use oxygen only during exercise or during sleep. Others use oxygen all the time.

Pulmonary rehabilitation program. These programs combine general education, training, nutrition tips and advice. If referred to a program, you may work with a wide range of health professionals, including physiotherapists, respiratory therapists, exercise specialists and dietitians. These specialists can tailor your rehabilitation program to meet your needs. Regular exercise can significantly improve the efficiency of your cardiovascular system.

Surgery

Surgery is an option for some people with certain forms of severe emphysema who are not adequately using medicine for themselves:

Lung volume reduction surgery. In this surgery, your surgeon removes small wedges of damaged lung tissue. This creates an extra space in the thoracic cavity, so that the remaining lung tissue and diaphragm work more efficiently. The operation has a number of risks and long-term results may be superior to surgical approaches.

Lung transplantation. Single lung transplantation may be an option for some people with severe emphysema who meet specific criteria. Transplantation can improve your ability to breathe and be active, but does not appear to prolong life and may have to wait long for an organ donation. So the decision to undergo lung transplantation is complex.

Management of exacerbations

Even with continuous treatment, you may experience times when symptoms suddenly get worse. This is called an acute exacerbation, and can cause lung failure, if not treated timely. Exacerbations can be caused by a respiratory infection, a change in outside temperature or high levels of air pollution. Seek medical attention if you notice more coughing or a change in mucus or have trouble breathing harder.

Prevention Of Bronchitis

Stop smoking.

The dangers of passive smoking are well documented. Children should never be exposed to secondhand smoke at home.

Avoid exposure to irritants. Adequate protection in the workplace is essential to prevent exposure.

Avoid prolonged exposure to air pollution due to heavy traffic can help prevent bronchitis.

Bronchitis medication

Bronchitis treatment may vary depending on the possible cause.

Medications to help suppress coughs and loosen and clear secretions may be useful. If the patient has severe coughing spells, they can not control, consult your doctor for prescription-strength cough. In some cases, only the strong cough can stop the vicious cycle of coughing that leads to more irritation of the bronchi, which in turn leads to more coughing.

Inhaled bronchodilators to help open the airways and reduce wheezing.

Although antibiotics have a limited role in the treatment of bronchitis, it is necessary in certain situations.

In particular, if the doctor suspects a bacterial infection, antibiotics provide.

People with chronic lung problems usually treated with antibiotics.

In rare cases, patients can be hospitalized if they experience difficulty breathing, which did not respond to treatment. This is usually due to a complication of bronchitis, bronchial inflammation is not himself.

Treatment Of Bronchitis

Treatment Of Bronchitis

Self-Care Of Bronchitis at Home

Long. Most cases of bronchitis caused by viral infections, this means that most cases of bronchitis are short term and require nothing more than treating the symptoms to relieve discomfort.

Antibiotics can not cure a viral illness.

Experts in the field of infectious diseases have been warning for years that the overuse of antibiotics is allowing many bacteria become resistant to available antibiotics.

Doctors often prescribe antibiotics because they feel the pressure on the patient's expectations of receiving them. This expectation is driven by evil as well as media and marketing of pharmaceutical companies. Do not expect to receive a prescription for antibiotics if the infection is caused by a virus.

Acetaminophen (Tylenol), aspirin, ibuprofen (Motrin, Nuprin, Advil) and naproxen (Aleve) will help with fever and muscle aches.

Drinking fluids is very important, because the temperature causes the body to lose fluids more rapidly. Pulmonary secretions thinner and easier to remove when the patient is well hydrated.

A vaporizer or a cool mist humidifier can help decrease bronchial irritation.

Over-the-counter (OTC) cough medicine may help. Preparations of guaifenesin (Robitussin, Breonesin, Mucinex) will loosen secretions, dextromethorphan, "MD" in most over the counter medications (Benylin, pertussis, Trocal, Vicks 44) to suppress the cough.

Natural treatments for bronchitis include honey, lemon, ginger, bay leaves and almonds. Each of these foods have properties that reduce the symptoms of bronchitis. Consult your doctor before taking or using natural remedies.

Acute bronchitis occurs most often after an upper respiratory infection like a cold or a sinus infection. The affected person may have symptoms such as fever with chills, muscle aches, nasal congestion and sore throat.

Cough is a common symptom of bronchitis. The cough may be dry or may produce phlegm. Phlegm production suggests that significant lower respiratory tract and the lung itself may be infected, and you can have symptoms suggestive of pneumonia.

The cough can last for more than 2 weeks. The continued strong cough can make your chest and stomach muscles sore. The cough can be severe enough to damage the breasts from time to time, or even cause a person to faint (weak).

Wheezing may occur due to muscle tension and inflammation of the airways. This can leave the affected person breathless.

Asthmatic bronchitis symptoms include a combination of wheezing and shortness of breath, in addition to other symptoms of bronchitis.

Bronchitis Medical Treatment

Treatment of bronchitis may vary depending on the suspected cause.

Medications to help suppress coughs and expelling or clear secretions can be helpful. If the patient has episodes of coughing that can not control, see your doctor for prescription strength inhibitor cough. In some cases, only the strong cough can stop the vicious cycle of cough leading to more irritation of the bronchi, which in turn leads to more coughing.

Inhaled bronchodilators to help open the airways and reduce wheezing.

Although antibiotics have a limited role in the treatment of bronchitis, they are necessary in certain situations.

In particular, if the doctor suspects a bacterial infection, antibiotics are prescribed.

People with chronic lung problems are treated with antibiotics.

In rare cases, patients can be hospitalized if they experience difficulty breathing, which did not respond to treatment. This is usually due to a complication of bronchitis, bronchial inflammation is not himself.