Prevention Of Hip Fracture

Healthy Lifestyle during the peak bone-building years - ends when you are around 30 - contribute to higher peak bone mass and reduce the risk of osteoporosis later. The same measures can reduce the risk of falls and improve their overall health, if adopted at any age.

Build and protect bone mass

Ensuring adequate calcium and vitamin D in the diet. Your age, medications, health and normal daily diet are the factors that influence the amount of calcium and vitamin D may be necessary. If you're considering calcium or vitamin D, ask your doctor what dose is right for you.

In general, experts recommend that men and women over 50 consume 1,200 milligrams of calcium per day and 400 to 600 International Units (IU) of vitamin D per day. Experts also suggest getting 10 to 15 minutes twice a week of unprotected sun exposure to ensure adequate levels of vitamin D.

Exercises to strengthen bones and improve balance. Weight exercises such as walking, to stimulate your body to increase bone density. Exercise also increases your overall strength, making it less likely to fall. Try to exercise 30 minutes a day most days of the week.

Balance training is also essential to reduce the risk of falling, because the balance tends to deteriorate with age. Some exercises are especially effective in helping to maintain and improve balance. Try standing on one leg for long periods of time more and more to improve its overall stability. Activities such as tai chi can help balance, too.

Do not drink too much or smoke. Keep in bone mineral density, avoiding the excessive use of alcohol and not smoking.

Reduces the risk of falls

Evaluate your home for fall risks. Remove throw rugs, keep electrical cords against the wall and clear of furniture and excess of anything that might get you. Ensure that all rooms and the transition is well lit.

Get your eyes checked every two years or more often if you have diabetes or eye disease.

Be aware of the side effects of medications. A feeling of weakness and dizziness, which are the possible side effects of many medications, can increase your risk of falling. Talk to your doctor about the side effects of medications.

Treatment Of Hip Fracture

Treatment of hip fracture is often a combination of three approaches, such as:

Surgery

Rehabilitation

Drugs

Surgery

Surgery is almost always the best treatment of hip fractures. Doctors typically use nonsurgical alternatives, such as traction, only if you have a serious illness that makes surgery too risky.

The type of surgery you have generally depends on the part of the hip that fractured, the severity of the fracture and your age. Generally, the better your health and mobility before your hip fracture, the better your chances for full recovery from a hip fracture.

Fractures of the femoral neck

Doctors such repair a fracture in three ways:

Metal screws. If, after the break, the bone is still properly aligned, your doctor may put metal screws in the bone to hold together while the fracture heals. This is called internal fixation. Metal screws are often placed in combination with bone nails (Gamma nail) for stability.

Replacement of part of the femur. If the ends of the broken bone is not aligned properly, or they were damaged, the doctor may remove the head and neck of the femur and replace them with a metal prosthesis. This is known as hemiarthroplasty.

Total hip replacement. This procedure involves the replacement of your femur and taking your pelvic bone with a prosthesis. Total hip replacement may be a good option if arthritis or a previous injury has damaged your joint, affecting its function before the break.

Although advanced age increases the likelihood of hip replacement needs, the most important factors in determining the need for this procedure are:

The type of fracture you have

The severity of your signs and symptoms

Personal risk of surgery-related problems

Freedom of movement and ability to work independently before the fracture

Intertrochanteric fractures

To repair this type of fracture, the doctor inserts a metal screw generally (compression screw of the hip) through the fracture. The screw is attached to a plate that runs along the femur. This plate is attached with screws others to help maintain the stability of the bone. As the bone heals, the screw compresses the bone fragments, so the edges grow together.

Depending on the type of fracture, your doctor may put a nail bone (Gamma nail) into the pit of bones, and then pass compression screw through the nail. The nail prevents slippage and provides additional stability and support the weight can enable faster.

Rehabilitation

If you have a normal recovery from surgery, the following steps are likely to follow this schedule:

Within about 1 day after surgery. Your support team will assist you in motion, often using a walker. You will begin physical therapy, typically focus on range of motion and strengthening exercises.

In about a week after surgery. Hospital stays after hip fracture surgery usually lasts less than a week. Depending on the type of surgery you had and if you have a home help, you may have to go to the hospital to a care facility long term.

Within a month after surgery. In long-term care and home care, you can work with an occupational therapist to learn the techniques for independence in everyday life, such as toileting, bathing, dressing and cooking. Your therapist will determine if a walker or wheelchair can help you regain mobility and independence.

Further, you can continue to respond with a physiotherapist and an occupational therapist, while recovering from surgery.

Medication

Although surgery is the primary treatment of hip fracture, a group of drugs called bisphosphonates bone density can reduce the risk of a second hip fracture. Most of these drugs are taken orally and side effects associated with it can be difficult to tolerate, such as nausea, abdominal pain, and inflammation of the esophagus. Alternatively, a bisphosphonate, zoledronic acid (Reclast), may be given an annual infusion.

Symptoms Of Hip Fracture

Signs and symptoms of hip fracture are as follows:

Immobility just fallen

Severe pain in the hip or groin

The inability to put weight on the foot on the injured hip

Stiffness, bruising and swelling in and around your hip area

Leg shorter side of your injured hip

Turning off your leg to the side of the hip hurt

Causes Of Hip Fracture

Elderly, hip fracture is usually the result of:

Descending

Keep a blow to the hip, as in a car accident

Weak bones

Hip Fracture Overview

Hip-Fracture

You can stop the hip at any age, but the vast majority of hip fractures occur in people older than 65 years. As you get older, the bones slowly lose minerals and become less dense. The gradual loss of density weakens bones and makes them more prone to hip fracture.

A hip fracture is a serious injury, especially if they are older, and complications can be fatal. Fortunately, surgery to repair a hip fracture is usually very effective, although recovery often requires a great deal of time and patience.

Prevention Of Pneumonia

Follow these steps to prevent pneumonia.

Vaccination

Although the long list of bacteria and inhaled irritants can cause pneumonia vaccination reduces the risk of two offenders leader.

Seasonal flu. The flu virus can be a direct cause of viral pneumonia. Bacterial pneumonia is a common complication of influenza. A vaccine against the flu each year provides significant protection anyway.

Vaccine against pneumonia. Doctors recommend a single vaccine against the bacteria Streptococcus pneumoniae (pneumococcus) for all over 65 and for people of all ages living in nursing homes and care facilities, long-term. In addition, the vaccine is recommended for all high risk for pneumonia caused by pneumococcus. The high-risk categories are smokers, anyone with heart disease, lung disease or other chronic diseases, and all immunocompromised due to HIV or prolonged treatment with immunosuppressive drugs such as corticosteroids or drugs to prevent rejection.

Childhood vaccines. Children should receive the vaccine for seasonal flu each year. Doctors also recommend a pneumonia vaccine - pneumococcal conjugate vaccine, in contrast with the pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine, which is intended for adults - for all children under 2 years of age and children aged 2-5 years who are at particular risk of pneumococcal disease, including those with compromised immune responses, cancer, cardiovascular disease or sickle cell anemia. Children participating in the group day care should always be vaccinated.

Take care of yourself

Normal respiratory infections sometimes lead to pneumonia, so you can avoid all types of bacteria. Here are the basics:

Wash your hands. Your hands are in almost constant contact with germs that can cause pneumonia. These bacteria enter your body when you touch your eyes or rubbing inside the nose. Wash your hands often and thoroughly, can reduce the risk. When the washing is not possible, use alcohol-based hand sanitizer.

No smoking. Smoking damages your lungs' natural defenses against respiratory infections.

Stay relaxed and fit. Rest and moderate exercise can help keep your immune system stronger.

Eating a healthy diet. High-fat diet without dairy products, fruits, vegetables and whole grains.

Lead by example. Stay home when sick. When you're out in public with a cold, catch your cough or sneeze into the crook of his elbow inside.

Treatment Of Pneumonia

The best approach to treating pneumonia depends on a number of factors, including age and general health, the agency or agencies involved, and the establishment - the attention of the community or health - where the infection developed. Treatment may include:

Drugs

The antibiotics used to treat bacterial pneumonia. Other drugs can help improve breathing and relieve the symptoms of bacterial and viral pneumonia. Drug options include:

Antibiotics. The decision to treat pneumonia with antibiotics is not always easy. Even with a high probability of bacterial infection, it takes time to identify the bacteria in question and choose the best antibiotic to destroy it. Initially, the doctor may prescribe an antibiotic based on particular patterns of infection and antibiotic use in your area. If tests show you need a medicine or your condition does not improve, you can switch to another antibiotic.

Antiviral drugs. The doctor may recommend anti-viral drugs for viral pneumonia. Antibiotics are not effective in the treatment of viral pneumonia.

Fever reducers. To treat a fever with aspirin, ibuprofen, naproxen or acetaminophen. (Children should not take aspirin.)

Cough. Talk to your doctor before taking cough medicines. Coughing helps to loosen phlegm and get rid of extra. If your doctor advises against cough, enough to soothe coughs and the rest.

Hospital

Community-acquired pneumonia usually does not require hospital care. You may have to admit, however, if you have two of these indicators of severity. If you have three or more, you may need admission to an intensive care unit:

He has over 65

You can become confused

His breathing is rapid

Blood pressure drops

The airway needs, including oxygen therapy or respiratory

Symptoms Of Pneumonia

Pneumonia is often mimics the flu, beginning with a cough and fever, so you can not understand, is more severe. Symptoms may vary depending on the age and general health.

Symptoms of pneumonia can include:

Fever

Body temperature below normal in the elderly

Cough

Breathlessness

Sweating

Chills

Chest pain that fluctuates with breathing (pleurisy)

Headache

Muscle pain

Fatigue

When to seek medical advice

Because pneumonia can be severe, contact your doctor as soon as possible if you have a persistent cough, shortness of breath, chest pain, fever, and - in particular, sustainable fever 102 F (39 C), or later, chills and sweating. Also contact your doctor if you suddenly feel worse after a cold or the flu.

Be especially quick to get medical attention if you are elderly or if you smoke, drink too much, has an injury, are undergoing chemotherapy or taking medications such as prednisone, which suppresses the immune system. For some seniors and people with heart failure or lung disease, pneumonia can quickly become a life threatening condition.

Causes Of Pneumonia

Pneumonia has many possible causes but the most common bacteria and viruses found in the environment. In general, the body is to keep these germs invade the lung. Sometimes, however, a solid element may be in violation of our defenses, regardless of your overall health.

The germs that cause pneumonia in healthy people are generally not the same as those that cause pneumonia in hospitals and health centers. Similarly, the germs that can infect the lungs if inhaled foreign material (by inhalation or aspiration pneumonia) differ from those that cause the most common types of pneumonia. The same is true of the germs that cause pneumonia in people with weak immune response.

Community-acquired pneumonia

When you get pneumonia from contact with germs you encounter during your normal routine, it is called community-acquired pneumonia. These common bacteria generally cause a mild form of pneumonia that doctors can easily handle. The microbes responsible for community-acquired pneumonia the most are:

Bacteria. The bacterium that causes most cases of community-acquired pneumonia is Streptococcus pneumoniae. Other potential agents include Staphylococcus aureus, Haemophilus influenzae and Klebsiella pneumoniae. It is not unusual to have more than one type of pneumonia caused by bacteria at a time. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), antibiotic-resistant bacteria, once found only in health, are now causing skin infections and pneumonia in the Community, too.

The bacteria-like organisms. Mycoplasma pneumoniae is a small body, which usually produces less severe symptoms of pneumonia others. Walking pneumonia, which is used to describe pneumonia that is not severe enough to require rest, can be due to Mycoplasma pneumoniae. Legionella and Chlamydia pneumonia are two of the other bacteria that cause pneumonia, which are not bacteria or viruses.

Virus. Some of the same types of viruses that cause colds and flu can cause pneumonia. Although most cases are viral pneumonia are mild and resolve with time to rest and fluids, viral pneumonia caused by influenza viruses can become very serious. Viral pneumonia may set a first attack of environmental bacteria that cause infection in the second.

Fungi and parasites. Other less common causes of community-acquired pneumonia include fungi, parasites, and the germ that causes tuberculosis. Most of the parasitic pneumonia occur in people who live or have traveled to developing countries.

Health care for pneumonia

Severe, difficult to treat bacterial pneumonia is a major problem in health care facilities - not just hospitals and nursing homes, as well as kidney dialysis centers and outpatient infusion centers, where people regularly receiving cancer chemotherapy and other drugs intravenously.

Health care for pneumonia is sometimes caused by strains of Streptococcus pneumoniae and Haemophilus influenzae, which also appear in the community. But the list of organisms causing nosocomial pneumonia does not stop there. In hospitals, the bacteria can quickly become resistant to common antibiotics, so the drug-resistant germs are much more common. Resistant bacteria such as Pseudomonas aeruginosa and MRSA treatment to be difficult. People in the machinery of respiration (ventilation), often used in intensive care units in hospitals are particularly vulnerable.

With so many possible culprits, and a high probability of resistant strains, the problem of hospital is to identify the causative organism and determine which antibiotics against him.

Inhalation or aspiration pneumonia

Aspiration pneumonia is inhaled foreign bodies in their lungs. This can happen if you vomit while asleep or unconscious and breathing in some of the stomach contents. Difficulty swallowing, which occurs with diseases such as amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), Parkinson's disease and stroke, often leading to aspiration pneumonia.

Opportunistic viral pneumonia, bacterial and fungal

This type of pneumonia affects people with weakened immune systems. Organizations that are not harmful to healthy people can be dangerous for people who have had organ transplants and people with AIDS and other diseases that weaken the immune system. Drugs that suppress the immune system, such as corticosteroids or chemotherapy, can also put you at risk for opportunistic pneumonia.

Pneumonia Overview

Pneumonia is an inflammation of the lungs caused by infection. Bacteria, viruses, fungi or parasites can cause pneumonia. Pneumonia is a particular concern if you are over 65 or have a chronic disease or weak immune system. It can also occur in people younger and healthier.

Pneumonia can range in severity from mild to life threatening. Pneumonia is often a complication of another condition, such as influenza. Antibiotics can treat the most common forms of bacterial pneumonia, but antibiotic-resistant strains is a growing problem. The best approach is to try to prevent infection.

Prevention Of Periodontitis

The best way to prevent periodontal disease is to follow a good oral hygiene program, starting early and consistent practice throughout life. This means you brush your teeth at least twice a day - morning and before going to bed - and flossing at least once a day. Better yet, brush after every meal or snack or as your dentist recommends. Thorough cleaning with a toothbrush and floss should take three to five minutes. Flossing before you brush allows you to clean up loose particles of food and bacteria.

Also see your dentist or your hygienist regularly for cleaning, usually every six to 12 months. If you have risk factors that increase your risk of developing periodontal disease, you may need professional teeth cleaning more often.

Treatment Of Periodontitis

There are several ways to treat periodontitis, depending on its severity. The goal of treatment of periodontal pockets is completely clean of bacteria and prevent further damage. The treatment can be performed periodontist, a dentist or dental hygienist. Treatment is most effective when someone takes the daily routine of good oral hygiene.

Non-surgical treatments

If your periodontal disease is advanced, treatment may include less invasive procedures, including:

Scale. Scaling removes tartar and bacteria on the surfaces of your teeth and under the gums. Can be performed using instruments or an ultrasonic device.

Root planing. Root planing smooths the root surfaces, discouraging further accumulation of tartar.

Antibiotics. Antibiotics in the treatment of periodontitis is still open to debate. Your periodontist or dentist may recommend the use of topical or oral antibiotics to help control bacterial infection. Topical antibiotics are usually the treatment of choice. They may contain an antibiotic mouthwashes or gels with the addition of discussions and antibiotics in the space between the teeth and gums or pocket after deep cleaning. However, oral antibiotics may be necessary to completely remove the infection-causing bacteria.

Surgical treatments

If you have advanced periodontitis, gums does not respond to nonsurgical treatment and good oral hygiene. In this case, your periodontal treatment requires surgery tooth, such as:

Flap surgery (pocket reduction surgery). In this procedure, the periodontist will make small incisions in the gums, so that the gum tissue can be traced back, exposing the roots to improve scaling and polishing. Because periodontitis often causes bone loss, the underlying bone can be recontoured before the gum tissue is sewn back into place. The procedure usually takes 1-3 hours and performed under local anesthesia.

Soft tissue grafts. When you lose the gum periodontal disease, your gums back, which makes your teeth longer than normal. You can have the damaged tissue is replaced. This is usually done by removing a small amount of tissue from the roof of your mouth (palate) or another donor source and attach it to this site. This procedure can help reduce gum recession others, cover exposed roots and give your teeth a more cosmetically appealing.

Bone graft. This procedure is performed when the periodontal disease has destroyed the bone surrounding the tooth root. Graft can be made up of tiny fragments of bone marrow or your own can be synthetic or donated. Bone graft to prevent the loss of teeth and hold the tooth in its place. It also serves as a platform for the regrowth of natural bone. Bone grafting can be performed during a technique called guided tissue regeneration.

Guided tissue regeneration. This allows the regeneration of bone, which was destroyed by bacteria. In one method, the dentist places a special piece of biocompatible fabric between existing bone and tooth. The material prevents unwanted tissue from entering the area of ​​healing, the bone instead of pushing.

Enamel matrix derivative application. Another technique is to apply a special gel to the tooth root. This gel contains the same proteins found in developing enamel of the teeth and stimulates the growth of bones and tissues.

Symptoms Of Periodontitis

Signs and symptoms of periodontal disease may include:

Swollen gums

Bright red or purple gums

Gums that feel soft to the touch

Gums that pull away from teeth (recession), when the teeth look longer than usual

Development of new spaces between teeth

Pus between teeth and gums

Halitosis

Bad taste in mouth

Loose teeth

A change in the way your teeth fit together when you bite

There are different types or classes of periodontitis. Chronic periodontitis is the most common class, primarily affects adults, but children can be affected too. Aggressive periodontitis usually begins in childhood and adulthood and affects only 1 to 2 percent of the population.

When you see a dentist

Healthy gums are firm and pale pink. If your gums are swollen, dark red and bleed easily, or show other signs or symptoms of periodontal disease, see your dentist as soon as possible. The faster you get treatment, the better chance you have of reversing the damage to periodontal disease and to prevent other serious health problems.

Causes Of Periodontitis

It is thought that periodontitis plaque begins. This is a sticky film consists primarily of bacteria. Plaque forms the teeth when starches and sugars in food interact with bacteria normally in the mouth. Brush your teeth to remove plaque. But plaque re-forms quickly, usually within 24 hours.

The plate is left on your teeth longer than two or three days can harden under your gums tartar (calculus). Tartar gives plaque more difficult to remove and serves as a reservoir for bacteria. In addition, you generally can not get rid of tartar by brushing and flossing - you need a professional teeth cleaning to remove it.

The longer plaque and tartar stay on teeth, the more damage they can do. At first, simply can irritate and inflame the gums from the gum around the base of your teeth. This is called gingivitis, the mildest form of periodontal disease. However, persistent inflammation eventually causes pockets between the gums and teeth that fill with plaque, tartar and bacteria. Over time, these pockets become deeper and more bacteria accumulate, the time goes into your gum. These infections cause a profound loss of tissue and bone. If the bone is destroyed too, could lose one or more teeth.

Periodontitis Overview

Periodontitis

Periodontitis (pair-o-do-TI-tis) is a serious gum infection that destroys the soft tissue and bone that support the teeth. Periodontitis can cause tooth loss or worse, an increased risk of heart attack or stroke and other serious health problems.

Periodontitis is a common but largely preventable. Periodontitis is usually the result of poor oral hygiene. Daily brushing and flossing and regular professional cleanings can reduce your chances of developing periodontitis.

Prevention Of Pancreatic Cancer

Although there is a proven way to prevent pancreatic cancer, you can take steps to reduce risk, including:

Stop smoking. If you smoke, stop. Talk to your doctor about strategies to help you quit, including support groups, medications and nicotine replacement therapy. If you do not smoke, do not start.

Maintain a healthy weight. If you currently have a healthy weight, work to maintain it. If you need to lose weight, aim for a slow steady weight loss - 1 or 2 pounds (0.5 or 1 kg) per week. Combine daily exercise with a diet rich in vegetables, fruits and whole grains with smaller portions to help you lose weight.

Exercise most days of the week. Goal of 30 minutes of exercise most days. If you're not used to exercising, start slowly and work up to their goal.

Choose a healthy diet. A diet rich in colorful fruits and vegetables and whole grains can help reduce the risk of cancer.

Treatment Of Pancreatic Cancer

Treatment of pancreatic cancer depends on the stage and location of the cancer and your age, overall health and personal preferences. The first goal of treatment of pancreatic cancer is to remove the cancer, when possible. When this is not an option, the focus may be to prevent pancreatic cancer from growing or causing more damage. When pancreatic cancer is advanced and treatments are not likely to offer an advantage, your doctor may suggest ways to relieve symptoms and make you as comfortable as possible.

Surgery

Surgery may be an option if the cancer of the pancreas is limited to the pancreas. Operational use by people with pancreatic cancer are:

Surgery of tumors of the head of the pancreas. If pancreatic cancer is located in the pancreatic head, we can consider the operation known as a Whipple procedure (pancreatoduodenectomy). Whipple procedure involves removing the head of the pancreas, as well as a part of your small intestine (duodenum), part of your gallbladder and bile duct. Part of the stomach can also be removed. The surgeon connects the other parts of the stomach, pancreas and intestines, so you can digest food.

Whipple surgery carries a risk of infection and bleeding. After surgery, some people experience nausea and vomiting that may occur if the stomach is empty difficulty (gastric emptying). Expect a long convalescence after a Whipple operation. You will spend 10 or more days in the hospital and then recover for several weeks at home.

Surgery of tumors of the pancreatic tail and body. Surgery to remove the tail of the pancreas or the tail and a small part of the body is called distal pancreatectomy. Your surgeon may also remove the spleen. Surgery carries a risk of bleeding and infection.

Research shows that surgery for pancreatic cancer tends to cause fewer complications when performed by experienced surgeons. Feel free to ask about the surgeon's experience with surgery for pancreatic cancer. If you have any doubt, seek a second opinion.

Radiotherapy

Radiotherapy with high energy beams to destroy cancer cells. You can get radiation treatments before or after surgery for cancer, often in combination with chemotherapy. Or, your doctor may recommend a combination of radiotherapy and chemotherapy, when the cancer can be treated surgically.

The radiation may come from a machine outside the body (external radiation) or it can be placed inside your body near your cancer (brachytherapy). Radiation therapy can also be used during surgery (intraoperative radiation therapy).

Chemotherapy

Chemotherapy uses drugs to kill cancer cells. Chemotherapy can be injected into a vein or by mouth. You can receive a chemotherapy drug, or you could get a combination of chemotherapy drugs.

Chemotherapy can also be combined with radiation (chemoradiation). Chemoradiotherapy is generally used to treat cancer has spread beyond the pancreas, but only to nearby organs and not to remote areas of the body. This combination can also be used after surgery to reduce the risk of pancreatic cancer may recur.

People with advanced pancreatic cancer, chemotherapy may be combined with targeted drugs.

Targeted therapy

Targeted therapy uses drugs that attack specific abnormalities within cancer cells. Targeted drug erlotinib (Tarceva), blocks chemicals that signal the cancer cells grow and divide. Tarceva is usually in combination with chemotherapy for people with advanced pancreatic cancer.

Other targeted therapies to drugs are under investigation in clinical trials.

Clinical trials

Clinical trials are studies to test new forms of treatment such as new drugs, new approaches to surgery or radiotherapy, and new methods such as gene therapy. If the study treatment is found to be safer or more effective than current treatments are, it can become the new standard of care.

Clinical trials can not guarantee a cure and can have serious side effects or unexpected. In addition, clinical trials on cancer, closely monitored by the federal government to ensure they are conducted as safely as possible. And they provide access to treatments that would not otherwise be available to you.

Talk to your doctor about clinical trials may be appropriate for you.

New treatments currently under investigation in clinical trials include:

Drugs that stop cancer from developing new blood vessels. Targeted therapies against drugs that act by preventing the cancer from growing new blood vessels is called angiogenesis inhibitors. Without new blood vessels, cancer cells may be unable to obtain the nutrients they need to grow. Blood vessels also provide a way cancer cells spread to other body parts.

Vaccine for pancreatic cancer. Cancer vaccines are being studied to treat cancer instead of preventing disease, vaccines are traditionally used. The treatment of cancer vaccines use various strategies to strengthen the immune system to help recognize cancer cells as intruders. In one example, a vaccine may help prepare the immune system to attack a certain protein secreted by pancreatic cancer cells. Studies of pancreatic cancer vaccine are still in very early stage.

Symptoms Of Pancreatic Cancer

Signs and symptoms of pancreatic cancer often does not occur until the disease is advanced. When signs and symptoms appear, may include:

Upper abdominal pain that may radiate to the back

Yellowing of the skin and whites of the eyes (jaundice)

Loss of appetite

Weight Loss

Depression

Blood clots

When to seek medical advice

See your doctor if you experience unexplained weight loss, abdominal pain, jaundice or other signs and symptoms that worry you. Many diseases and conditions other than cancer can cause similar symptoms, so doctors can check these terms and conditions as cancer of the pancreas.

Causes Of Pancreatic Cancer

It is not clear what causes pancreatic cancer.

Understanding your pancreas

Your pancreas is about 6 inches (15 cm) long and looks like a pear lying on its side. The pancreas is a vital part of your digestive system. It secretes hormones, including insulin, sugar to help your body to process. And it produces digestive juices to help your body digest food.

How is the cancer of the pancreas

Pancreatic cancer occurs when cells of the pancreas develop genetic mutations. These mutations cause cells to grow uncontrollably, and then continue to live in normal cells would die. These cells can accumulate to form tumors.

Types of pancreatic cancer

Types of cells involved in pancreatic cancer to help determine the best treatment. Types of pancreatic cancer are:

Cancer that forms in the pancreas ducts (adenocarcinoma). Cells lining the ducts help the pancreas to produce digestive juices. The vast majority of cases of cancer of the pancreas are adenocarcinomas. Sometimes these cancers are called exocrine cancer.

Cancer that forms in cells that produce hormones. Cancer that forms in the hormone-producing cells of the pancreas is called endocrine cancer. Pancreatic Cancer Endocrine Disrupting is very rare.

Pancreatic Cancer Overview

Pancreatic cancer begins in the tissues of the pancreas - an organ of the abdomen, which lies horizontally behind the lower abdomen. The pancreas secretes enzymes that aid digestion and hormones that help regulate sugar metabolism.

Pancreatic cancer is often a poor prognosis, even if diagnosed at an early stage. Pancreatic cancer spreads rapidly and usually is rarely detected at an early stage, which is the main reason is the leading cause of cancer death. Signs and symptoms may not appear until pancreatic cancer is quite advanced and surgical removal is not possible.

Prevention Of Cervical Cancer

To reduce the risk of cervical cancer if:

Use a condom every time you have sex, reduce the risk of HPV

Delay first intercourse

Having fewer sexual partners

Avoid smoking

Get vaccinated against HPV

Get vaccinated against HPV

Vaccines can protect against the most dangerous types of HPV - the virus that plays a role in the development of cervical cancer the most. Vaccination is available for girls aged 9 to 12 and the girls and women aged 13 to 26 if they have not already received the vaccine. The vaccine is most effective if administered to girls before they become sexually active.

Despite hopes that the vaccine prevents cervical cancer more, you can not prevent infection with every virus that causes cervical cancer. Routine Pap tests for cervical cancer remain high.

Routine Pap tests

Routine Pap tests can detect precancerous lesions of the cervix that can be followed or treated to prevent cervical cancer. Work with your doctor to determine the best schedule for Pap smears. Most organizations suggest that women begin routine Pap tests at age 21 years and tests every 1-3 years.

If you are at high risk of cervical cancer, Pap tests will be needed more often. If you have had a hysterectomy, talk with your doctor whether to continue the Pap test. If the hysterectomy was performed for a noncancerous condition such as fibroids, may be able to end the routine Pap tests, but not to pelvic exams. If the hysterectomy was carried out in a precancerous or cancerous condition, your vaginal canal still needs to be checked for abnormal changes.

Trement Of Cervical Cancer

Cervical cancer treatment depends on several factors such as stage of cancer, the health problems you may have and their preferences regarding treatment. Treatment options may include:

Surgery. Surgery to remove the uterus (hysterectomy) is usually treated with early stages of cervical cancer. A simple hysterectomy involves the removal of cancer of the cervix and uterus. A simple hysterectomy is usually an option only when the cancer is at a very early stage - the attack is less than 3 millimeters (mm) of the cervix. Radical hysterectomy - removal of the cervix, vagina and lymph nodes in the region - is the standard surgical treatment, when the attack is more than 3 mm into the cervix.

Hysterectomy can cure early stage cervical cancer and prevent cancer from returning, but the removal of the uterus, it is impossible to become pregnant.

Radiation protection. Radiation therapy uses high-powered energy to kill cancer cells. Radiation therapy can be administered externally via external or internal radiation therapy (brachytherapy) by placing the device filled with radioactive material near your cervix. Radiotherapy is as effective as surgery for cervical cancer at an early stage. For women with more advanced cervical cancer, radiation therapy combined with chemotherapy is considered the most effective treatment.

Both methods of radiotherapy can be combined. Radiotherapy may be used alone, with chemotherapy before surgery to shrink a tumor or after surgery to kill remaining cancer cells. Premenopausal women may stop menstruating due to radiation and begins menopause.

Chemotherapy. Chemotherapy uses drugs to kill cancer cells. Chemotherapy drugs, which can be used alone or in combination, usually into a vein and travels throughout the body to kill rapidly growing cells, including cancer cells. Low-dose chemotherapy, often in combination with radiation therapy, chemotherapy may increase due to radiation. High doses of chemotherapy are used to control advanced cancer of the cervix, which may be curable. Some chemotherapy drugs can cause infertility and early menopause in premenopausal women.

Symptoms Of Cervical Cancer

You may not experience any symptoms of cervical cancer - early cervical cancer generally produces no signs or symptoms. As the cancer progresses, signs and symptoms of more advanced cancer of the cervix can occur:

Vaginal bleeding after intercourse, between periods or after menopause

Watery, bloody vaginal discharge, which can be heavy and have a bad odor

Pelvic pain or pain during intercourse

When to seek medical advice

Make an appointment with your doctor if you experience signs or symptoms that worry you.

Talk to your doctor when to begin screening for cervical cancer and how often to repeat the screening. Obstetricians and Gynecologists recommends U.S. Congress that the girls have their first visit with an obstetrician-gynecologist or family doctor, aged between 13 and 15, or before sexual activity, sexual activity, and to discuss ways to prevent sexually transmitted diseases, including HPV.

Causes Of Cervical Cancer

Cervical cancer begins when normal cells acquire a genetic mutation that turns normal cells into abnormal cells. Healthy cells grow and multiply at a set rate, eventually dying at a time together. Cancer cells grow and multiply out of control and they do not die. The abnormal cells accumulate in the form of a mass (tumor). Cancer cells invade nearby tissues and can break out of a primary tumor to spread elsewhere in the body (metastasis).

What causes cervical cancer is unclear. However, the fact is that sexually transmitted infection called human papillomavirus (HPV) plays a role. HPV testing is found in almost all cervical cancers. However, HPV is a very common virus and most women with HPV do not develop cervical cancer. This means that other risk factors such as genetic inheritance, the environment or their lifestyle choices also determine whether to develop cervical cancer.

Types of Cervical Cancer

Cell, in which the original genetic mutation took place determines the type of cervical cancer you have. Type of cervical cancer is to help determine prognosis and treatment. Main types of cervical cancer are:

Squamous cell carcinoma. These begin in the thin, flat cells that line the bottom of the cervix (squamous cell). This type represents the vast majority of cervical cancers.

Adenocarcinomas. These occur in the glandular cells lining the cervical canal. These tumors represent a small fraction of cases of cervical cancer.

Sometimes both types of cells involved in cervical cancer. Very rare cancers can occur in other cells in the cervix.

Cervical Cancer Overview

Cervical cancer is a type of cancer that develops in the cells of the cervix - the lower part of the uterus that connects the vagina. Different strains of human papillomavirus (HPV), a sexually transmitted infection, play a role in the development of most cases of cervical cancer.

When exposed to HPV, a woman's immune system usually prevents the virus from doing harm. In a small group of women, however, virus survives for years to promote the process that causes some cells on the surface of the cervix to become cancerous cells.

The death rate from cervical cancer has been declining, partly due to detection. Doctors hope that a vaccine can prevent most cases of cervical cancer of the uterus in the future.

Prevention Of Cataracts

It is unclear what causes cataracts, but doctors believe it may be able to reduce the risk of cataracts if you:

Have regular eye examinations. Eye examination can help detect cataracts and other eye problems in their early stages. Ask your doctor how often you should have an eye examination.

Quit smoking. Ask your doctor to help you stop smoking. Medications, counseling and other strategies are available to help.

Wear sunglasses. Ultraviolet light from the sun can contribute to the development of cataracts. Wear sunglasses that block B (UVB) when you're out.

Dealing with health problems. Follow your treatment plan if you have diabetes or other medical conditions that may increase the risk of cataracts.

Maintain a healthy weight. If your weight is healthy, work to maintain the exercise most days of the week. If you are overweight or obese, work to lose weight gradually reducing your calorie intake and increase the amount of exercise you do every day.

Choose a healthy diet that includes plenty of fruits and vegetables. Adding a colorful variety of fruits and vegetables to your diet guarantees a lot of vitamins and nutrients. Fruits and vegetables are full of antioxidants, which in theory could prevent damage to the eye's lens. Studies have shown that antioxidants in pill form can help prevent cataracts. But fruits and vegetables have many health benefits and are a sure way to increase the amount of vitamins in your diet.

Treatment Of Cataracts

The only effective treatment for cataracts is surgery.

When considering cataract surgery

Talk to your doctor about the eye surgery is right for you. Most ophthalmologists suggest considering cataract surgery when your cataracts begin to affect their quality of life or interfere with their ability to perform normal daily activities such as reading or driving at night.

It is up to you and your doctor decide when cataract surgery is right for you. Most of the people, there is no hurry to remove the cataract, because they usually do not damage the eye. Delaying the procedure does not make it more likely than not restore the view when you finally decide to have cataract surgery. Take time to consider the benefits and risks of cataract surgery with your doctor.

If you do not want to perform cataract surgeries are now, your doctor may recommend regular eye exams follow-up to see if the progress of cataract. How often do you see your ophthalmologist will depend on the situation.

What happens to the cataract surgery

Cataract surgery involves removing the clouded lens and replace it with a plastic lens implant. The lens replacement in the same place as the natural lens and becomes part of your eye.

For some people, other eye problems to ban replacement lens. In these situations, when the cataract is removed, vision can be corrected with glasses or contact lenses.

Surgery is usually done in one eye at a time, with several weeks between surgeries. It is usually performed on an outpatient basis, which means you will not have to stay in a hospital after surgery. During cataract surgery, your ophthalmologist uses a local anesthetic to numb the area around the eye, but you remain awake during the procedure. Cataract surgery is generally safe, but carries a risk of infection and bleeding. Cataract surgery increases the risk of retinal detachment.

Symptoms Of Cataracts

Signs and symptoms of cataracts include:

    Clouded, blurred or dim vision
    Increasing difficulty with vision at night
    Sensitivity to light and glare
    Seeing "halos" around lights
    Frequent changes in eyeglass or contact lens prescription
    Fading or yellowing of colors
    Double vision in a single eye

At first, the cloudiness in your vision caused by a cataract may affect only a small part of the eye's lens and you may be unaware of any vision loss. As the cataract grows larger, it clouds more of your lens and distorts the light passing through the lens. This may lead to signs and symptoms you're more likely to notice.

When to see a doctor
Make an appointment for an eye exam if you notice any changes in your vision. If you develop sudden vision changes, such as double vision or blurriness, see your doctor right away.

Causes Of Cataracts

Most cataracts develop after an injury, or aging changes in the tissue that forms the eye lens. Some cataracts due to an inherited disease that causes other health problems and increase the risk of cataracts.

How does one form of cataract

Lens-shaped cataract, is behind the colored part of the eye (IRIS). The lens focuses light passing through the eye, clear images of the retina - the light sensitive membrane at the back of the inner wall of the eyeball, which behaves like a film camera. A cataract scatters light passing through the lens, prevents sharp images reaching the retina. As a result, your vision is blurred.

As we age, the lenses in your eyes less flexible, less transparent and thicker. Age-related changes in the lens causes the tissue to break down and clump together, clouding small areas of the lens. As the cataract continues to develop the ambiguity becomes denser and involves a larger portion of the lens.

A cataract can develop in one or two of your eyes.

Types of cataracts

The types of cataract are:

Cataracts that affect the center of the lens (nuclear cataract). A nuclear cataract may initially make increasingly myopic, or even experience a temporary improvement in reading vision. But over time, the lens becomes more dense and yellow clouds their vision. Nuclear cataracts, sometimes you get to see double or multiple images. As the progression of cataract, the lens may even turn brown. Yellow or gold advanced from the lens can be difficult to distinguish between shades of color.

Cataracts, which affect the edges of the lens (cortical cataract). Cortical cataract begins to pale, wedge-shaped opacities or streaks on the outer edge of the lens cortex. How slowly progresses, the streaks extend to the center and interfere with light passing through the center of the lens. Problems with reflections are common to people with this type of cataract.

Cataracts, which affect the back of the lens (posterior subcapsular cataract). A posterior subcapsular cataract starts as a small opaque zone that normally forms near the rear of the lens, right in the path of light on its way to the retina. A subcapsular cataract often interferes with your reading vision, reduces your vision in bright lights and causes glare or halos at night.

Cataracts are you born with (congenital cataract). Some people are born with cataracts or develop them in childhood. Cataracts may be the result of the mother who contracted an infection during pregnancy. They may also be due to some inherited syndromes such as Alport syndrome, Fabry disease and galactosemia. Congenital cataracts, as they are called, is not always affect vision, but if they do they are usually removed soon after detection.

Cataracts Overview

A cataract is a clouding of the normally clear lens of your eye. For people who have cataracts, seeing through cloudy lenses is a bit like looking through a frosty or fogged-up window. Clouded vision caused by cataracts can make it more difficult to read, drive a car — especially at night — or see the expression on a friend's face.

Most cataracts develop slowly and don't disturb your eyesight early on. But with time, cataracts will eventually interfere with your vision.

At first, stronger lighting and eyeglasses can help you deal with cataracts. But if impaired vision interferes with your usual activities, you might need cataract surgery. Fortunately, cataract surgery is generally a safe, effective procedure.

Prevention Of Acute Myeloid Leukemia

No known way to prevent AML.

However, several factors increase the risk of an adult to develop AML. These include:

Exposure to certain chemicals such as benzene

Prior treatment of cancer, including childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia

Exposure to high doses of radiation (such as a nuclear reactor accident)

A history of certain blood disorders, including myelodysplastic syndromes

Certain genetic diseases such as Down syndrome and Fanconi anemia

Smoke

Most people with AML do not have a known risk factor.

Treatment Of Acute Myeloid Leukemia

Treatment of acute myeloid leukemia depends on several factors, including the subtype of the disease, your age, overall health, and preferences. In general, the treatment is divided into two phases:

Remission induction therapy. The purpose of the first phase of treatment is to kill leukemia cells in the blood and bone marrow. However, the induction of remission is usually not destroy all leukemic cells, if you need other treatments to prevent the disease from returning.

Consolidation treatment. Also called post-remission, maintenance therapy or intensification, this phase of treatment is to destroy the leukemia cells remaining. It is considered essential to reduce the risk of relapse.

Therapies used in these phases include:

Chemotherapy. Chemotherapy is a form of remission induction therapy, but it can also be used as supportive treatment. Chemotherapy is a chemical to kill cancer cells in the body. People with SMA usually hospitalized during chemotherapy because the drugs are destroying many of the normal blood cells in the killing of leukemic cells. If the first cycle of chemotherapy has not resulted in remission, may be repeated.

Other drugs. Arsenic trioxide (TRISENOX) and all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA) are anti-cancer drugs, which can be used alone or in combination with chemotherapy, remission induction is a subtype of leukemia called acute myeloid leukemia specific promyelocytic. These drugs induce the leukemic cells with a gene mutation to mature and die, or stop dividing.

Stem Cell Transplantation. Transplantation of stem cells, also called bone marrow transplant can be used for consolidation therapy. Stem cell transplantation can restore healthy stem cells by replacing the bone marrow with healthy stem cell leukemia-free bone marrow regenerate healthy. Before a stem cell transplant, receiving very high doses of chemotherapy or radiation to destroy the bone marrow from leukemia. After receiving the infusion of stem cells from a donor (allograft). You can also receive their own stem cells (autologous) if you have been in remission and healthy stem cells removed and stored for transplantation in the future.

Clinical trials. Some people with leukemia choose to enroll in clinical trials to test experimental treatments or new combinations of known therapies.

Symptoms Of Acute Myeloid Leukemia

General signs and symptoms in the early stages of acute myeloid leukemia may resemble the flu or other common diseases. Signs and symptoms may vary depending on the type of blood cell affected. Signs and symptoms of acute myeloid leukemia may include:

Fever

Bone pain

Lethargy and fatigue

Shortness of breath

Pale skin

Frequent infections

Ecchymosis

Unusual bleeding, such as frequent nosebleeds and bleeding gums

When to see a doctor

Make an appointment with a doctor if you develop signs or symptoms that seem unusual or disturbing. Acute myeloid leukemia worsens quickly if not treated, then a rapid diagnosis is helpful.

Causes Of Acute Myeloid Leukemia

Acute myeloid leukemia is caused by damage to the DNA of developing cells in the bone marrow. When this happens, blood cell production goes awry. The bone marrow produces immature cells that develop into white blood cells in the blood called myeloblasts leukemia cells. These abnormal cells can not function properly, and can accumulate and displace healthy cells.

It is not clear what causes genetic mutations that lead to leukemia. Radiation, exposure to certain chemicals and some chemotherapy drugs may play a role.

Acute Myeloid Leukemia Overview

Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is cancer of the blood and bone marrow - the soft tissue inside bones where blood cells are made.

The word "acute" in acute myeloid leukemia indicates the rapid progression of the disease. It's called myelogenous (MI-uh-uh-lie-Nus) leukemia because it affects a group of white blood cells called myeloid cells that normally develop into different types of mature blood cells such as red blood cells, white blood cells and platelets.

Acute myeloid leukemia is also known as acute myeloid leukemia, acute myelogenous leukemia, acute myeloid leukemia and acute nonlymphocytic leukemia.

Prevention Of Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm

You may be able to reduce the risk of abdominal aortic aneurysm. To do this, you can manage the risk factors for atherosclerosis.

If you do smoke, stop now

If you have high cholesterol:

Eat a diet low in fat and cholesterol

If necessary, take medication to lower cholesterol

If you have high blood pressure:

Maintain a healthy weight or reducing your calorie intake if you have more weight

Reduce salt intake

Eat a diet rich in fruits and vegetables

Take medications to control blood pressure need to

If you have diabetes:

Monitor your blood glucose frequently

Follow a healthy diet

Keep your blood pressure within normal range

Try to lower LDL cholesterol to 100 mg / dL, therapy, if necessary

Also, exercising regularly and maintaining a healthy weight.

Men 65 to 75 who have ever smoked should have a screening ultrasound at once.

Treatment Of Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm

Here are some general guidelines for the treatment of abdominal aortic aneurysms:

A small aneurysm. If you have a small abdominal aortic aneurysms - a total of 1.6 inches or 4 centimeters (cm) in diameter or smaller - and you do not have symptoms, your doctor may suggest watch-and-wait (observation) approach, rather than intervention surgery. In general, surgery is required a small aneurysms because the risk of surgery outweighs the risk of rupture.

If you choose this method, the doctor will monitor your aneurysm with periodic ultrasounds, usually every six to 12 months and encourage you to report immediately if you start having abdominal pain or back pain - potential signs of dissection or rest.

Aneurysm average. The average aneurysm measures between 1.6 and 2.2 inches (4 and 5.6 cm). It is less clear how the risks of surgery against the event stack waiting, medium-sized abdominal aortic aneurysm. You need to discuss the benefits and risks of surgery compared with waiting, and make a decision with your doctor.

Large, fast growing or leaking aneurysm. If you have an aneurysm, which is large (more than 2.2 inches or 5.6 cm) or fast growing (more than 0.5 cm over six months), you will probably need surgery. In addition, losses, or aneurysm race requires a painful treatment. There are two types of surgery for abdominal aortic aneurysm.

Open abdominal surgery to repair an abdominal aortic aneurysm involves removing the damaged portion of the aorta and replace it with a synthetic tube (graft) is sewn in place with an open lap. With this type of operation, it is likely you will need several months to fully recover.

Endovascular surgery is a less invasive procedure is sometimes used to repair an aneurysm. Doctors attach a synthetic graft at the end of a thin tube (catheter) is inserted through an artery in the leg and threaded into the aorta. The graft - a tube of fabric, covered with wire mesh support - is placed at the site of the aneurysm and fastened in place with small hooks or nails. The graft reinforces the weakened section of the aorta to prevent rupture of the aneurysm.

The recovery time for people who have endovascular surgery is shorter than for people who have opened abdominal surgery - about one to two weeks compared to six weeks for open surgery.

The possibilities for treating your aneurysm will depend on several factors, including the location of the aneurysm, your age, kidney function and other factors that may increase your risk of surgery or endovascular treatment.

Symptoms Of Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm

Abdominal aortic aneurysms often grow slowly and often without symptoms, making them difficult to detect. Some aneurysms will never rupture. Many start small and stay small, although many expand over time. Some aortic aneurysms enlarge slowly, increasing by less than half an inch (1.2 cm) per year. Others grow at a faster rate, increasing the risk of fracture. How long an aortic aneurysm can enlarge hard to predict.

As an aortic aneurysm grows, some people may notice:

A sensation near the navel button

Tenderness or pain in the abdomen or chest

Backache

When to see a doctor

You should consult your doctor if you have one of the above symptoms.

Anyone aged 60 and older who have risk factors for developing an aortic aneurysm should consider regular screening for the condition. Men aged 65 to 75 who have ever smoked cigarettes should have a one-time screening for abdominal aortic aneurysm in the abdominal ultrasound. Men 60 and older with a family history of abdominal aortic aneurysm should also consider screening.

If you have a family history of aortic aneurysm, the doctor may recommend regular ultrasound scans to detect disease.

Causes Of Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm

The majority of aortic aneurysms occur as part of the aorta in the abdomen. Although the exact cause of abdominal aortic aneurysm is unknown, a number of factors may play a role, including:

Tobacco use. Smoking and other tobacco use appear to increase the risk of abdominal aortic aneurysm. In addition, the harmful effects that smoking directly causes the arteries, smoking affects the accumulation of fatty plaques in arteries (atherosclerosis) and high blood pressure. Smoking can also cause aneurysms to grow faster than further damage to the aorta.

High blood pressure. High blood pressure, especially if poorly controlled, increases the risk of developing an aortic aneurysm. This is due to high blood pressure can damage and weaken the arteries.

Infection of the aorta (vasculitis). In rare cases, aortic be caused by an infection or inflammation that weakens a part of the wall of the aorta.

Aneurysm can develop anywhere in the aorta, the aorta, but when they appear at the top, they are called thoracic aortic aneurysms. More generally, the aneurysm in the shape of the lower part of the aorta, and are called abdominal aortic aneurysm. Rarely, an aneurysm can occur between the upper and lower portions of the aorta. This type of aneurysm called a thoracoabdominal aneurysm.

Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm Overview

An abdominal aortic aneurysm is a weakened and bulging area in the lower part of the aorta, the large blood vessel that supplies blood to the body. Aorta, about the thickness of a garden hose from your heart through the middle of your chest and abdomen. Because the aorta is the main supplier of blood from the body, an abdominal aortic aneurysm ruptured with fatal hemorrhage. Although you may never have symptoms, to find that you have an abdominal aortic aneurysm be intimidating.

Most small and slow-growing abdominal aortic aneurysms do not rupture, but big, strong growth of abdominal aortic aneurysms can. Depending on the size and speed of aortic aneurysms is growing, treatment may vary from watchful waiting to emergency surgery. When an abdominal aortic aneurysm is found, doctors will closely monitor it so that surgery can be scheduled if necessary. Emergency surgery for a ruptured abdominal aneurysm can be risky.

Prevention Of Kidney Cancer

Steps taken to improve your health can help reduce the risk of kidney cancer. To reduce the risk, try:

Quit smoking. If you smoke, stop. Many opportunities to keep up there, including support programs, medicines and products nicotine replacement. Tell your doctor you want to stop and discuss your options together.

Eat more fruits and vegetables. Add more fruits and vegetables to your diet. A number of fruits and vegetables helps to ensure that you get all the nutrients your body needs. Replacing some of your snacks and side dishes with fruits and vegetables can help you lose weight.

Maintain a healthy weight. Work to maintain a healthy weight. If you are overweight or obese and reduce the calories consumed each day and try to use most of the days of the week. Ask your doctor for other strategies to help you lose weight.

Control blood pressure. Ask your doctor to check your blood pressure at your next appointment. If your blood pressure is high, you can discuss ways to reduce your numbers. Lifestyle measures such as exercise, weight loss and diet changes can help. Some people may need to add drugs to lower their blood pressure. Discuss your options with your doctor.

Reduce or avoid exposure to environmental toxins. If you work with toxic chemicals, take special precautions such as wearing a mask and heavy gloves. In the U.S., your employer is obliged to say what you may be exposed to chemicals at work. Follow the safety rules your employer, and ask the doctor if there are other ways to protect against chemical exposure.

Treatment Of Kidney Cancer

Together, you and your treatment team will discuss your treatment options for kidney cancer. The best approach for you may depend on a number of factors, including general health status, type of kidney cancer that has, if the cancer has spread and treatment preferences.

Surgery

Surgery is the initial treatment for most cancers of the kidney. The surgical procedures used to treat kidney cancer include:

The removal of the affected kidney (nephrectomy). Radical nephrectomy involves removing the kidney, a border of healthy tissue and adjacent lymph nodes. The adrenal glands can also be removed if it turns out that the tumor has grown in the gland. Nephrectomy may be an open surgery, which means that the surgeon makes an incision to access your kidneys. Or nephrectomy can be done laparoscopically through several small incisions to insert a small video camera and surgical instruments. The surgeon watches a video monitor to perform a nephrectomy.

Removal of the tumor in the kidney (nephron-sparing surgery). During this procedure, called partial nephrectomy, the surgeon removes the tumor and a small margin of healthy tissue around it, rather than removing the entire kidney. Nephron-sparing surgery may be an open, or it can be done laparoscopically. Nephron-sparing surgery may be an option if you have a small kidney cancer, or if you have only one kidney. When nephron-sparing surgery is possible, it is best to keep it as radical nephrectomy kidney tissue as possible can reduce your risk of complications later as kidney disease.

The type of surgery your doctor recommends will be based on your cancer and its stage and your health. Surgery carries a risk of bleeding and infection.

Treatment when surgery is not possible

For some people, surgery may be too risky. These people have other options to treat kidney cancer, including:

By blocking the flow of blood to the tumor (embolization). In this procedure, a special material is injected into the main blood vessel leading to the kidneys. Block this ship will take the tumor of oxygen and other nutrients. Arterial embolization can also be used before surgery or to relieve pain and bleeding is not possible.

Treatment for freezing the cancer cells (cryosurgery). During cryoablation, a special needle is inserted into the skin and into your kidney tumor with X-ray guidance. Gas needle is used to cool or freeze the cancerous cells. There are few long-term data on safety and efficacy of cryoablation. This is typically reserved for people who can not undergo major surgery and people with small kidney tumors in areas that can be easily reached with a needle.

Treating cancer cells to heat (radiofrequency ablation). During radiofrequency ablation is a special needle through the skin and into your kidney tumors using X-ray guidance. An electric current passes through the needle and in cancer cells, causing the cells to heat or burning. There are few long-term data on safety and efficacy of radiofrequency ablation. Radiofrequency ablation may be an option for people who can not undergo further surgery, and those with small kidney tumors in areas easily accessible with a needle.

The treatments for advanced kidney cancer and recurrent

Kidney cancer that is repeated and the kidney cancer that spread to other parts of the body can heal. In these situations, treatment may include:

Surgery to remove a kidney tumor as possible. Even if surgery can not remove all the cancer, in some cases it may be useful to remove the cancer as possible.

Drugs that use your immune system to fight cancer (biologic therapy). Biological therapy (immunotherapy) uses the body's immune system to fight cancer. Drugs in this category include interferon and interleukin-2, which are synthetic versions of chemicals produced in your body. Side effects of these drugs include chills, fever, nausea, vomiting and loss of appetite.

The treatment is performed on specific aspects of your cancer (targeted therapy). Targeted therapies specific block abnormal signals present in the cells of kidney cancer, allowing them to multiply. These drugs have shown promising results in the treatment of kidney cancer that has spread to other areas of the body. The targeted drugs bevacizumab (Avastin), pazopanib (Votrient), the signals sorafenib (Nexavar) and sunitinib block (Sutent), which play a role in the growth of blood vessels that feed cancer cells and allow cancer cells to spread. Temsirolimus (Torisel) and everolimus (everolimus) is targeted drug that blocks a signal that allows cancer cells to grow and survive. Targeted therapy drugs can cause side effects such as rash, which may be severe, diarrhea and fatigue.

Chemotherapy. Chemotherapy is a drug treatment that uses chemicals to kill cancer cells. Chemotherapy is not commonly used to treat renal cell carcinoma. However, chemotherapy can be used to treat transitional cell carcinoma - a cancer of the urethra, which sometimes begins in the kidneys. Chemotherapy can be used before surgery to shrink the tumor, making it easier to remove. Or you may use chemotherapy to treat cancer cells that have traveled to other parts of the body.

Treatments for distant tumors. The kidney cancer cells that travel to other parts of the body (metastasis) can sometimes be treated. It depends on the number of the location of tumors at a distance and your overall health. Treatment options vary depending on where the cancer has spread. Options might include surgery of brain metastases or radiation therapy for kidney cancer that has spread to the bones.

Clinical studies. Clinical trials are studies of new treatments and new techniques to treat kidney cancer and other diseases. Participation in a clinical trial can give you the opportunity to try the latest treatments, but does not guarantee a cure. Available to discuss clinical trials with your doctor and carefully weigh the benefits and risks. Some types of kidney cancer in clinical trials studying new and existing therapies aimed to determine the best ways to use this new class of drugs.

Symptoms Of Kidney Cancer

Kidney cancer rarely causes signs or symptoms in its early stages. In later stages, signs of kidney cancer and symptoms include:

Blood in the urine may appear red, pink or cola-colored

Back pain just below the ribs, do not disappear

Weight Loss

Fatigue

Ague

When to see a doctor

Make an appointment with your doctor if you have persistent signs or symptoms that worry you.

Causes Of Kidney Cancer

It is unclear what causes renal cell carcinoma. Doctors know that cancer begins when cells in the kidney from the kidney to acquire mutations in the DNA. Mutations in cells known to grow and divide rapidly. The abnormal cells accumulate in the form of a tumor that can spread beyond the kidney. Some cells may break off and spread (metastasize) to other body parts.

Kidney Cancer Overview

Kidney cancer is a cancer that originates in the kidney. Your kidneys are two bean-shaped organs, each about the size of your fist. They are located behind your abdominal organs, with only one kidney on either side of your spine.

In adults, the most common form of kidney cancer, renal cell carcinoma. Other less common forms of kidney cancer can occur. Transitional cell carcinoma, which affects the ureters, can also begin in the kidneys. Children are more likely to develop a form of kidney cancer called Wilms tumor.

The incidence of renal cell carcinoma seems to be growing, although it is not clear why. Many kidney cancers are detected procedures for other diseases or conditions. Imaging techniques such as computed tomography (CT) is used more often, which can lead to the discovery of renal tumors more.

Prevention Of Bladder Cancer

Although there is no way to guarantee to prevent bladder cancer, you can take steps to help reduce your risk. For example:

No smoking. No smoking means that cancer-causing chemicals in the smoke can not accumulate in the bladder. If you do not smoke, do not start. If you smoke, talk to your doctor about a plan to help you stop. Support groups, medication and other methods to help you quit smoking.

Be careful with chemicals. If you work with chemicals, follow all safety instructions to avoid exposure.

Drinking water throughout the day. The consumption of fluids, especially water, dilute the toxic substances can be concentrated in the urine from the bladder and the colors more quickly.

Choose a variety of fruits and vegetables. Choose a diet rich in a variety of colorful fruits and vegetables. Antioxidants in fruits and vegetables can help reduce your risk of cancer.

Treatment Of Bladder Cancer

Treatment options for bladder cancer depends on many factors, such as the type and stage of cancer, general health status and treatment preferences. Discuss the options with your doctor to determine which treatments are best for you.

Surgical procedures

Type of surgery that can be based on factors such as stage, the risk of bladder cancer, general health, and selection.

Surgery for bladder cancer early

If the tumor is very small and has not invaded the bladder wall, the doctor may recommend:

Surgery to remove the tumor. Transurethral resection of bladder tumor (TURBT) is often used to remove bladder cancers that are confined to the inner layers of the bladder. During TURBT, to your doctor for a small loop around the urethra and bladder. Loop is used to burn the cancer cells with an electric current (fulguration). In some cases, a high-energy laser is used instead of electricity. TURBT can cause painful urination or bloody for a few days after the procedure.

Surgery to remove the tumor and a small portion of the bladder. When segmental cystectomy, sometimes called a partial cystectomy, the surgeon removes only part of the bladder that contains cancer cells. Cystectomy segmentation may be an option if the cancer is just one area of ​​the bladder, which can be easily removed without damaging the bladder function.

Surgery carries a risk of bleeding and infection. You may experience increased frequency of urination after partial cystectomy, since the surgery reduces the size of your bladder. Over time, the better, but in some people, it is permanent.

Surgery for invasive bladder cancer

If the cancer has invaded deeper layers of the bladder wall, you might consider:

Surgery to remove the entire bladder. Radical cystectomy is a surgery to remove the entire bladder and surrounding lymph nodes. Radical cystectomy in men usually includes the removal of the prostate and seminal vesicles. In women, radical cystectomy involves removal of the uterus, ovaries, and part of the vagina.

Cystectomy carries a risk of infection and bleeding. In men, removal of the prostate and seminal vesicles cause infertility. But in most cases, your surgeon may attempt to spare the nerves that are needed for an erection. In women, the elimination of causes of ovarian infertility and premature menopause in women who have not experienced menopause before the operation.

Surgery to create a new way of urine leaves your body. Immediately after radical cystectomy, the surgeon will work to create a new way to expel urine. Several alternatives exist. Which option is best for you depends on cancer, health, and selection. The surgeon may create a tube (urine canal) using a piece of intestine. The pipe passes through the kidneys outside the body, in which the urine flows into a bag (urostomy pouch), you put your stomach.

In the second procedure, the surgeon may use a portion of intestine to create a small reservoir for urine inside the body (skin, urinary continent diversion). To download the hole of the tank in the stomach, urinary catheter, with a couple of times a day.

In this case select the surgeon can create a repository of the bladder, like a piece of your bowel (neobladder). This deposit is located within the body and joins the urethra, allowing you to urinate normally. You may need to use a catheter to drain all the urine from your bladder.

Biological therapy (immunotherapy)

Biological therapy, immunotherapy, is sometimes referred to as signaling the body's immune system cells to help fight cancer. Biological treatment for bladder cancer is typically administered through the urethra and directly into the bladder (intravesical therapy).

Biological therapy drugs used to treat bladder cancer include:

Bacteria to stimulate immunity. Bacille Calmette-Guerin (BCG) is a bacterium used in vaccines against tuberculosis. BCG can cause bladder irritation and blood in your urine. Some people feel like they have the flu after treatment with BCG.

A synthetic version of an immune system protein. Interferon is a protein that makes your immune system to help your body fight infections. A synthetic version of interferon called interferon alpha can be used to treat bladder cancer. Alpha interferon is sometimes used in combination with BCG. Alpha interferon can cause flu-like symptoms.

Biological treatment may be given after TURBT to reduce the risk that cancer will recur.

Chemotherapy

Chemotherapy uses drugs to kill cancer cells. Chemotherapy for bladder cancer usually involves two or more chemotherapy drugs used in combination. Medications may be given through a vein in your arm (intravenously) or may be administered directly into the bladder through a tube into the urethra (intravesical).

Chemotherapy can kill cancer cells remaining after surgery. It can also be used before surgery. In this case, chemotherapy may shrink the tumor enough to allow the surgeon a less invasive way. Chemotherapy is sometimes combined with radiotherapy.

Radiotherapy

Radiation therapy is used a lot of energy bars in cancer is to destroy cancer cells. Radiation therapy may be a machine outside the body (external radiation) or may be a device within the bladder (brachytherapy).

Radiotherapy can be used before surgery to shrink a tumor so that it can easily be removed. Radiation therapy can also be used after surgery to kill cancer cells that may be. Radiation therapy is sometimes associated with chemotherapy.

Symptoms Of Bladder Cancer

Symptoms of bladder cancer may include:

Blood in the urine (hematuria) - The urine may appear dark yellow or red tail, or urine may look normal, but blood can be detected on microscopic examination of urine

Frequent urination

Painful urination

Urinary tract infections

Stomach ache

Backache

When to see a doctor

Make an appointment with your doctor if you have signs or symptoms that worry you, like the blood in your urine.

Causes Of Bladder Cancer

It is not always clear what causes bladder cancer. Bladder cancer is linked to exposure to smoke, a parasitic infection, radiation and chemicals.

Bladder cancer develops when normal cells go wrong in the bladder. Rather than grow and divide in an orderly manner, these cells develop mutations that cause them to grow out of control and not die. These abnormal cells form a tumor.

Types of bladder cancer

Type in the cell where the cancer of the bladder begins to determine the type of cancer. Various types of cells can become cancerous bladder. Your type of bladder cancer to determine which treatments may work better for you. Types of bladder cancer are:

Transitional cell carcinoma. Transitional cell carcinoma occurring in the cells that line the inside of the bladder. Transitional cells develop when the bladder is full and the contract when your bladder is empty. These same cells lining the inside of your ureters and urethra, and tumors can form in these places too. Transitional cell carcinoma is the most common form of bladder cancer in the United States.

Squamous cell carcinoma. Squamous cell carcinoma in the bladder occur in response to infection and irritation. Over time, they can become cancerous. Squamous cell cancer of the bladder is rare in the United States. It is more common in some parts of the world where a certain parasitic infection (schistosomiasis) is a common cause of bladder infections.

Adenocarcinoma. Adenocarcinoma begins in the cells that make mucus-secreting glands in the bladder. Bladder adenocarcinoma is rare in the United States.

Some bladder cancer include more than one type of cell.

Bladder Cancer Overview

Bladder cancer is cancer that starts the bladder - a balloon-shaped organ in your pelvic area that stores urine. Bladder cancer begins most often a row of cells within the bladder. Bladder cancer typically affects older people, although it can occur at any age.

The vast majority of bladder cancers are diagnosed at an early stage - when bladder cancer is highly processed. But even the bladder cancer early stage is likely to recur. For this reason, survivors often suffer bladder cancer follow-up tests to watch for years for bladder cancer recurrence after treatment.

Prevention Of Stomach Cancer

It is not clear what causes stomach cancer, so there is no way to stop it. But you can take steps to reduce the risk of stomach cancer, making small changes to everyday life. For example, try:

Eat more fruits and vegetables. Try to incorporate more fruits and vegetables in your diet each day. Choose a variety of colorful fruits and vegetables.

Reduce the amount of salt and smoked food you eat. Protect your stomach, limiting these foods. Experiment with herbs and other ways to flavor food that does not add sodium.

Stop smoking. If you smoke, quit. If you do not smoke, do not start. Smoking increases the risk of stomach cancer, as well as many other types of cancer. Quitting smoking can be very difficult, so ask your doctor for help.

Ask your doctor about your risk of stomach cancer. Some medical conditions increase your risk of stomach cancer, such as anemia, gastritis and gastric polyps. If you have been diagnosed with these conditions, ask your doctor how this affects your risk of gastric cancer. Together, you can consider periodic endoscopy to look for signs of stomach cancer. There are no guidelines for who should be screened for stomach cancer in the United States. But in some cases, you and your doctor determine your risk is high enough that the benefits of screening outweigh the potential risks.

Treatment Of Stomach Cancer

Treatment options for stomach cancer depends on the stage of cancer, your general health and your choice.

Surgery

The goal of surgery is to remove all stomach cancers and a margin of healthy tissue, if possible. Options include:

The removal of early-stage tumors in the abdominal cavity. Only a very small tumors in the stomach lining can be removed using endoscopy a procedure called endoscopic mucosal resection. An endoscope is a lighted tube with a camera that is passed down the throat to your stomach. The doctor will use special tools to remove the tumor and a margin of healthy tissue from the abdominal cavity.

Removal of part of the stomach (partial gastrectomy). During subtotal gastrectomy, the surgeon removes only the part of the stomach is affected by cancer.

The removal of the entire stomach (total gastrektomia). Total gastrektomia involves removing whole stomach and part of the surrounding tissue. Esophagus is then connected directly to the small intestine in order to move food through the digestive system.

Removal of lymph nodes for cancer. The surgeon examined and removed lymph nodes in the abdomen to check for cancer cells.

Surgery to relieve the signs and symptoms. Remove the abdomen can relieve the signs and symptoms of a tumor that develops in people with advanced cancer of the stomach. In this case, surgery can not cure stomach cancer, but it can make you more comfortable.

Surgery carries a risk of bleeding and infection. If all or part of your stomach is removed, you may experience problems with digestion.

Radiotherapy

Radiation therapy uses beams of high power consumption, such as X-rays to kill cancer cells. The energy rays come from a machine that moves around you as you lie on a table.

Radiotherapy can be used before surgery (neoadjuvant radiotherapy) to shrink the tumor in the abdomen, it is easier to remove. Radiation therapy can also be used after surgery (adjuvant) radiation to kill any cancer cells that might remain around the stomach. The radiation is often combined with chemotherapy. Cases of advanced cancer, radiation therapy can alleviate the side effects caused by large tumors.

Radiation therapy to the abdomen can cause diarrhea, indigestion, nausea and vomiting.

Chemotherapy

Chemotherapy is a medical treatment that uses chemicals to kill cancer cells. Chemotherapy drugs travel throughout the body, killing cancer cells that have spread beyond the stomach.

Chemotherapy may be given before surgery (neoadjuvant chemotherapy) to help shrink a tumor so that it can easily be removed. Chemotherapy is also used after surgery (adjuvant chemotherapy) to kill cancer cells that may remain in the body. Chemotherapy is often associated with radiotherapy. Chemotherapy may be used only in people with advanced cancer of the stomach to help relieve the signs and symptoms.

Chemotherapy may be the only treatment used for people with rare forms of stomach cancer, such as gastric lymphoma and gastrointestinal stromal tumors.

Chemotherapy side effects depend on the drugs are used. Type of cancer of the stomach is necessary to determine which chemotherapy drugs you receive.

Targeted drugs

Targeted therapy uses drugs that attack specific abnormalities within cancer cells. Targeted drugs used to treat a rare cancer called gastrointestinal stromal tumor stomach. Targeted drugs used to treat this cancer are imatinib (Gleevec) and sunitinib (Sutent).

Clinical trials

Clinical trials are studies of new treatments and new ways of using existing treatments. Participating in a clinical trial can give you the opportunity to try the latest treatments. However, clinical trials can not be guaranteed a cure. In some cases, researchers may have some side effects of new treatment.

Ask your doctor if you may qualify for a clinical trial. Together you can discuss the benefits and risks.

Symptoms Of Stomach Cancer

Signs and symptoms of stomach cancer may include:

Fatigue

Bloated feeling after eating

Feeling full after eating little

Acidity

Indigestion

Nausea

Stomach ache

Vomit

Weight Loss

When to see a doctor

If you have signs and symptoms that concern you, make an appointment with your doctor. Your doctor will probably find the most common causes of these signs and symptoms at first.

Causes Of Stomach Cancer

Doctors are not sure what causes stomach cancer. There is a strong correlation between a diet high in smoked foods, salted and pickled foods and stomach cancer. As the use of refrigeration for food preservation has increased throughout the world, stomach cancer rates have declined.

In general, cancer begins an error (mutation) occurs in the DNA of the cell. The mutation causes the cell to grow and divide rapidly, and to continue to live in normal cells would die. Accumulates in tumor cells form a tumor that can invade nearby structures. And the cancer cells can break away from the tumor to spread throughout the body.

Stomach cancers

The cells that make up the type of cancer of stomach cancer. Depending on the type of stomach cancer cells to help determine treatment options. Types of stomach cancer are:

Cancer that begins in glandular cells (adenocarcinomas). The glandular cells that line the inside of the stomach secretes a protective layer of mucus that protects the stomach lining of acidic gastric juice. Adenocarcinoma accounts for the vast majority of all cancers of the stomach.

Cancer that begins in cells of the immune system (lymphomas). The walls of the stomach contains a small number of immune system cells that can develop cancer. Lymphoma of the stomach is rare.

The cancer that begins in cells that produce hormones (carcinoid tumor). The hormone-producing cells can develop into cancer carcinoid. Carcinoid tumor of the stomach is rare.

Cancer that begins in the tissues of the nervous system. A gastrointestinal stromal tumor (GIST) begins in certain nerve cells in the stomach. GIST is a rare type of stomach cancer.

Because other types of stomach cancer are uncommon, when people use the "stomach cancer", a term that generally refers to an adenocarcinoma.

Stomach Cancer Overview

Stomach cancer is cancer that occurs in the stomach - the muscular sac located in the upper middle of your abdomen, just below the ribs. Your stomach gets and keeps the food you eat, and then helps to break down and digest them.

Another word for stomach cancer is gastric cancer. These two concepts are most often referring to stomach cancer that starts in the mucus-producing cells of the lining of the stomach (adenocarcinoma). Adenocarcinoma is the most common form of stomach cancer.

Stomach cancer is rare in the United States, and the number of people diagnosed with the disease each year is decreasing. Stomach cancer is more common in other parts of the world, especially in Japan.

Prevention Of Erectile Dysfunction In Men

The best way to prevent erectile dysfunction is to make healthy choices and to manage all existing health problems you have. Here are some things you can do:

Work with your doctor to manage diabetes, heart disease or other chronic health problems.

Consult your doctor regularly checks and medical screening tests.

Stop smoking, limit or avoid alcohol, and do not use street drugs.

Exercise regularly.

Take steps to reduce stress.

Get help for anxiety or depression.

Treatment Of Erectile Dysfunction In Men

The first thing your doctor will do is make sure you get the right treatment for health problems that may cause or worsen your erectile dysfunction.

A variety of options for the treatment of erectile dysfunction. Cause and severity of his condition, and health problems, are important factors for the physician recommends the best treatment or treatments for you. The doctor can explain the risks and benefits of each treatment, and considering the selection. The preferences of your partner may also contribute to treatment options.

Oral medications

Oral medications are an effective treatment for erectile dysfunction in men. These include:

Sildenafil (Viagra)

Tadalafil (Cialis)

Vardenafil (Levitra)

All three drugs work in much the same way. These drugs increase nitric oxide in the body produces a natural chemical that relaxes smooth muscles in the penis. This increases blood flow, and you can get an erection with sexual stimulation. These drugs change the dose, time of work and their side effects. The doctor will take into account the specific situation in which drug works best.

Do not expect these drugs to correct erectile dysfunction immediately. You may have to work with your doctor to find the right medication and dosage for you.

Before the prescription erectile dysfunction drugs (including over-the-counter supplements or herbal remedies), get the doctor's OK. Although these medications can help many people, not all individuals should take for the treatment of erectile dysfunction. These drugs do not work or it can be dangerous if you have:

Taking medications for angina nitrate such as nitroglycerin (Nitro-Bid, others), isosorbide mononitrate (Imdur) and isosorbide dinitrate (Isordil)

Take a blood thinner (anticoagulant) drugs, alpha blockers for prostate (benign prostatic hyperplasia) or high blood pressure medicine

You have heart disease or heart failure

He had a stroke

They have very low blood pressure (hypotension) or high blood pressure (hypertension)

Have uncontrolled diabetes

Other drugs

Other drugs for erectile dysfunction include:

Alprostadil itself. In this method, using a thin needle to inject alprostadil (alprostadil, Caverject Impulse, Edex) or the substrate side of the penis. In some cases, medication is usually used other terms used in penile injections alone or in combination. For example, papaverine, phentolamine and alprostadil. Each injection usually produces an erection in five 20 minutes that lasts about an hour. Because the needle used for very fine, the pain at the injection site is usually minor. Symptoms may include bleeding at the injection site, prolonged erections, and the formation of connective tissue at the injection site.

Alprostadil penile suppository. Intraurethral alprostadil (MUSE) therapy involves placing a tiny alprostadil suppository into the penis. You can use a special applicator supposed to add about two inches down the penis. Symptoms may include pain, minor bleeding in the urethra, dizziness, and the formation of connective tissue within the penis.

Testosterone. Some men suffer from erectile dysfunction caused by low levels of testosterone, the hormone and may need replacement therapy testosterone.

Penis pumps, surgery and prosthetics

The drugs do not necessarily work or be a good choice. If this happens, your doctor may recommend a different treatment. Other treatments include:

Penis pumps. A penis pumps (vacuum constriction device) is a hollow tube with a pump operated by hand or battery. The tube is placed on your penis and then pump used to draw air inside the tube. This creates a vacuum that draws blood into the penis. When you get an erection, you slip a tension ring around the base of your penis to keep blood and keep it tight. You can then remove the vacuum apparatus. The erection typically lasts long enough for a couple to have sex. You remove the tension ring after intercourse.

Penile implants. This treatment involves surgically placing the units in both sides of the penis. These implants are either rods or rigid inflatable silicone or polyurethane. The inflatable devices allows you to control when and how much time you have an erection. Stems semi-rigid to maintain the firm but malleable penis. This treatment can be costly and is generally not recommended until other methods have been tried first. As with any surgery, there is a risk of complications such as infection.

Vascular surgery. In rare cases, leaking blood vessels can cause erectile dysfunction, and surgery is necessary to correct.

Counselling

If your erectile dysfunction is caused by stress, anxiety or depression, your doctor may suggest, or you and your partner, you can visit a psychologist or counselor. Although it is caused by something physical, erectile dysfunction can create stress and tension of relations.